This book analyzes the expansion of the Anatolian livestock trade, focusing on sheep and cattle, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries— a period marked by significant changes in state policies, society and environment. It examines the impact of these changes on both human and non-human actors, maps trade routes and networks, and explores their transformations over time, thereby contributing to the literature on Ottoman environmental and socioeconomic history.
The book identifies three regions —central, northeastern, and northwestern Anatolia— and four Eastern Mediterranean ports (İzmir, İskenderun, Mersin, and Antalya) as major centers of livestock trade. It examines a combination of environmental, economic, social, and political dynamics that shaped the emergence of these regions as primary suppliers of sheep to Istanbul and the ports as gateways for livestock exports.
By highlighting diverse ecosystems and socioeconomic dynamics, and utilizing a variety of primary sources including Ottoman and British state documents, newspapers, memoirs, and travel accounts, the book aims to address several key questions: How did the ecosystems and socioeconomic dynamics of these regions and ports change in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? What were the repercussions of these changes on livestock production and trade? And how did they impact the organization of livestock and meat trade in Istanbul?
- Cover
- Contents
- List of Figures
- Figure 2.1 Ankara Narh Prices for Red Meat (in paras per kıyye)
- Figure 2.2 The Number of Sheep and Goats in Ankara Province, 1869–1885 (According to British Consular Reports)
- Figure 2.3 The Number of Sheep and Goats in Ankara Province 1890–1906 (According to the Provincial Yearbook of 1325 [1907])
- Figure 3.1 The Number of Sheep and Goats in Erzurum Province (1871–1900). Source: The data for the period between 1882-86 have been collected from Trade and Commerce of Erzeroum Reports of the British Consulate. The data for the other years have been take
- Figure 3.2 The Number of Sheep and Goats in the Sancaks of Erzurum, Erzincan, Bayburt, and Bayezid (1871–1900). Source: This figure has been prepared in the same way as Figure 3.1.
- Figure 3.3 The Value of Sheep Exports from Erzurum (in British Pounds)
- Figure 3.4 The Value of Sheep and Cattle Exports from the Trabzon Port to Istanbul (in British Pounds)
- Figure 4.1 Sheep Taxes Collected in Hüdavendigar Province (in Ottoman Piasters)
- Figure 5.1 Livestock Exports from İzmir, Ayvalık, and Dikili (Head). Note: The table is compiled from British consular reports on the trade of İzmir (Smyrna). The figures for 1889 and 1898 represent cattle exports from Ayvalık and Dikili, while those from
- Figure 5.2 Comparison of Livestock Exports from the Ports of İskenderun and Trabzon (in British Pounds)
- Figure 5.3 The Value of Livestock Exports from Mersin (in British Pounds)
- Figure 5.4 Livestock Exports from Antalya (Head)
- Figure 6.1 Narh Prices for Mutton in Istanbul, 1778–1840 (in paras per kıyye). Source: Çakmak, “Narh ve Nizâm Kayıtlarına Göre İstanbul’da Koyun Eti Fiyatları,” pp. 80-84.
- Figure 6.2 Mutton Prices in Istanbul, 1840–1913 (in piasters per kıyye)
- List of Photographs
- Photograph 3.1 Embarkation of Buffaloes in Istanbul in 1917. Source: Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
- Photograph 3.2 Contemporary View of the Erzurum Han in Istanbul. Photo Credit: Muratcan Zorcu.
- Photo 5.1 Sheep on the Streets of İskenderun in the Early Twentieth Century. Source: The Istanbul Municipality Atatürk Library Collection
- Photo 6.1 An Itinerant Butcher in Istanbul. Source: The Istanbul Municipality Atatürk Library Collection
- List of Maps
- Map 1.1. Major Livestock Trade Routes in Anatolia
- Map 4.1 The Map of Hüdavendigar Province
- Acknowledgements
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- Setting the Ottoman Experience in a Broader Context
- State Policies: Provisionism, Free Trade, and Interventions in Times of Crises
- Human Actors of Livestock Trade
- Non-Human Actors
- Sources
- Organization of the Book
- Chapter 2: Central Anatolia: An Established Supplier of Livestock to Istanbul
- Landscape, Climate, and Roads
- The Emergence of Central Anatolia as a Major Supplier for Istanbul
- Settlement of Tribes and Accompanying Difficulties
- Droughts, Severe Winters, Diseases, and Other Calamities
- Tribal Populations after the Settlement
- The Rise of Two Local Entrepreneurs
- Conclusion
- Chapter 3: Northeastern Anatolia: An ‘Excluded’ Region
- Erzurum: A Story of Decline?
- Trade Networks to the South and West
- Liberal Reforms, Military Defeat, and Environmental Disruptions
- Strengthened Links with the Imperial Capital
- Conclusion
- Chapter 4: Hüdavendi̇gar: A ‘Model’ Province on the Passageways
- Landscape, Climate, and the Major Centers of Livestock Raising
- Flourishing Trade Networks and Increasing Land Pressure
- State’s Agency in Rural Development
- The Mihaliç Imperial Farms
- Conclusion
- Chapter 5: Eastern Mediterranean Ports and Livestock Trade
- İzmir
- İskenderun
- Mersin
- Antalya
- Conclusion
- Chapter 6: Feeding the Imperial Capital
- A Regulatory Regime of Provisioning
- From a Provisionist to a Liberal Economy
- The Old Within the New
- The Guild and Its Demand for a Regulated Market
- Sheep and Meat Trade as a Profitable Business
- Slaughterhouses: Focal Points for Sanitation and Market Regulation
- Conclusion
- Chapter 7: Conclusion
- Interconnected Regional Markets and Livestock Economies
- Decentralizing Provisionism: Was Istanbul a Hub of the Meat Trade?
- Capital Accumulation and the Red Meat Industry
- Winners and Losers of the Livestock Trade
- Notes
- Bibliography
- Primary Sources
- Published Government Documents:
- Secondary Sources
- Index
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