Forest Trees

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309040341
eISBN Pdf: 9780309543064
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1991
Month: January
Pages: 246
DDC: 576
Language: English

Caption

News reports concerning decline of the world's forests are becoming sadly familiar. Most losses are measured in square kilometers, but a more profound loss cannot be measured. As forests disappear, so do their genetic resources. The genes they possess can no longer aid in their adaptation to a changing environment, nor can they be used to develop improved varieties or products.

This book assesses the status of the world's tree genetic resources and management efforts. Strategies for meeting future needs and alternatives to harvesting natural forests are presented. The book also outlines methods and technologies for management, evaluates activities now under way, and makes specific recommendations for a global strategy for forest management.

Managing Global Genetic Resources
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Forest Trees
Executive Summary
- THE CRISIS OF WORLD FOREST DECLINE
- BENEFITS, USES, AND DEVELOPMENT OF FOREST TREES
- STRUCTURE OF GENETIC VARIATION IN TREES
- RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Genetic Management Techniques
    - Increase of in Situ and Ex Situ Programs
    - In Situ Management
    - Ex Situ Management
    - Exploration, Testing, and Breeding
    - Global Data Base
  - Research and Development
    - Genetic Variation
    - Inventory
    - Genetic Structures
    - Climate Change and Pollution
  - Institutions
    - New Programs
    - Funding and Personnel
  - Developing a Global Strategy
    - International Leadership
1 World Forests
- LOSSES IN FORESTS
- BASIC INVENTORY DATA
- CAUSES OF FOREST TREE LOSS
  - Pollution
  - Deforestation
  - Narrowing of Genetic Base
- WHAT CAN BE DONE?
- RECOMMENDATIONS
2 Multiple Uses of Forest Trees
- BENEFITS OF TREES AND FORESTS
  - Direct Benefits
  - Indirect Benefits
- LAND USE SYSTEMS INVOLVING TREES
  - Natural Vegetation Management
  - Agroforestry
  - Industrial Plantation Forestry
  - Constraints and Opportunities of Land Use Systems
- INCREASING THE USEFULNESS OF TREE GENETIC RESOURCES
  - Exploration
  - Evaluation
  - Coordination
  - Development of Programs for Untested Species
- RECOMMENDATIONS
3 Structure of Genetic Variation
- MATING SYSTEMS AND GENE FLOW
  - Mating Mechanisms
    - Inbreeding
    - Outcrossing
  - Gene Flow
  - Neutral Alleles and the Quantification of Gene Flow
- ESTIMATING GENETIC VARIATION
  - Variation Within Populations
  - Estimates of Population Genetic Structures
  - Variation Among Populations
  - Allozyme Studies and Morphological Variation
  - Allele Frequencies, Gene Flow, and Selection
  - Population Complexity
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
4 Conservation and Management of Tree Genetic Resources
- CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
- IN SITU CONSERVATION
  - Minimum Viable Population Size
  - Number of Reserves and Sampling Strategy
    - Segregating Populations
    - Knowledge of Ecosystem Dynamics and Integrity
  - Prospects for Effective in Situ Programs
- EX SITU CONSERVATION
- CHOICE OF METHOD
  - Technical and Biological Factors
  - Management Factors
- MANAGEMENT STATUS OF TREE SPECIES
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Increase of in Situ and Ex Situ Programs
  - A Global Data Base
  - In Situ Management
  - Ex Situ Management
  - Education And Training
5 Institutions Involved in Managing Tree Genetic Resources
- IN SITU CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES
- EX SITU CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES
- INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
  - Food and Agriculture Organization
  - The International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
  - International Council for Research in Agroforestry
  - International Tropical Timber Organization
  - International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
  - International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
  - United Nations Environment Program
  - United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
  - Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
- NATIONAL AND REGIONAL INSTITUTIONS
  - Central America and Mexico Coniferous Resources Cooperative
  - Centro AgronóMico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza
  - Canadian International Development Agency and International Development Research Center
  - Centre Technique Forestier Tropical
  - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization
  - Danish Forest Seed Center
  - Oxford Forestry Institute
  - U.S. Department of Agriculture's Forest Service and State Programs
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
6 Organizing a Global System of Cooperation
- COORDINATING AND EXPANDING EXISTING PROGRAMS
- DEVELOPING REGIONAL AND NATIONAL PROGRAMS
- DEVELOPING AN INTERNATIONAL FOREST TREE GENETIC RESOURCES PROGRAM
  - Coordination Through the Food and Agriculture Organization
  - Coordination Through the International Board for Plant Genetic Resources
- RECOMMENDATION
References
Appendix A Forest Tree Species Used in Breeding or Testing Activities
Appendix B Literature Survey of Threatened Provenances or Species
Appendix C Sources of Seed for Research
Glossary
Abbreviations
Authors
Index
Recent Publications of the Board on Agriculture
- POLICY AND RESOURCES
- NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS SERIES AND RELATED TITLES

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