In the Mind's Eye

Enhancing Human Performance

Auteur: Bjork, Robert A.; Druckman, Daniel
Éditeur: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309047470
eISBN Pdf: 9780309563093
Lieu de publication: United States
Année de publication électronique: 1992
Mois : Janvier
Pages: 304
Langue: Anglais

Légende

The archer stands and pulls back the bow, visualizing the path of the arrow to the target. Does this mental exercise enhance performance? Can we all use such techniques to improve performance in our daily lives?
In the Mind's Eye addresses these and other intriguing questions. This volume considers basic issues of performance, exploring how techniques for quick learning affect long-term retention, whether an expert's behavior can serve as a model for beginners, if team performance is the sum of individual members' performances, and whether subliminal learning has a basis in science.
The book also considers meditation and some other pain control techniques. Deceit and the ability to detect deception are explored in detail. In the area of self-assessment techniques for career development, the volume evaluates the widely used Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.

IN THE MIND'S EYE
Copyright
Contents
Preface
PART I Overview
- 1 Background
  - THE COMMITTEE'S FIRST PHASE
  - THE COMMITTEE'S SECOND PHASE
  - THE REPORT
    - Training
      - Optimizing Long-Term Retention
      - Modeling Expertise
      - Developing Careers
    - Altering Mental States
      - Subliminal Self-Help
      - Meditation
      - Managing Pain
      - Hiding and Detecting Deception
      - A Broad Concept of Deception
    - Performing
      - Optimizing Individual Performance
      - Enhancing Team Performance
  - REFERENCES
- 2 Findings and Conclusions
  - TRAINING
    - Optimizing Long-Term Retention and Transfer
    - Modeling Expertise
    - Developing Careers
  - ALTERING MENTAL STATES
    - Subliminal Self-Help
    - Meditation
    - Managing Pain
    - Hiding and Detecting Deception
    - A Broad Concept of Deception
  - PERFORMING
    - Optimizing Individual Performance
    - Enhancing Team Performance
PART II Training
- 3 Optimizing Long-Term Retention and Transfer
  - LONG-TERM RETENTION
    - Original Learning
      - Setting the Criterion of Mastery
      - Automaticity
      - Overlearning
    - Task Cohesion and Organization
    - Enhancing Retention
      - Distribution of Practice
      - Fostering Understanding
      - Involving the Learner
    - Refresher Training
  - TRANSFER OF TRAINING
    - General Factors in Transfer
      - Level of Original Learning
      - Perceived Similarity Between Tasks
    - Enhancing Transfer
      - Providing Contextual Interference During Training
      - Increasing Variability and Variety in Training
      - Reducing Feedback
  - CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR TRAINING
  - REFERENCES
- 4 Modeling Expertise
  - COGNITIVE APPRENTICESHIP
    - Modeling
    - Coaching and Scaffolding
    - Articulation, Reflection, and Exploration
  - HOW EXPERTS EXCEL
    - Measures in Laboratory Tasks
    - Organized Knowledge Structures
    - Strategies of Problem Solving and Reasoning
    - When Do Experts Not Excel?
  - ELICITING KNOWLEDGE FROM EXPERTS
  - IMPARTING EXPERTS' KNOWLEDGE TO TRAINEES
    - Direct Instruction
    - Computer-Aided Support Systems
    - Cognitive Apprenticeship Revisited
  - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  - REFERENCES
- 5 Developing Careers
  - A FRAMEWORK FOR CAREER DEVELOPMENT
    - Propositions
    - Objectives
    - Future Research Priorities
  - ARMY PROGRAMS
    - Self-Assessment Instruments
    - The Army War College
    - The National Defense University (NDU)
    - Fort Bliss
    - Fort Leavenworth
    - Survey of Effects
  - AN APPRAISAL OF THE MBTI
    - Reliability
    - Validity
    - Effectiveness of Applications
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
PART III Altering Mental States
- 6 Subliminal Self-Help
  - SUBJECTIVELY PERCEPTIBLE VERSUS OBJECTIVELY DETECTABLE STIMULI
  - MOBILIZATION, EFFORT JUSTIFICATION, AND EXPECTANCY EFFECTS
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
- 7 Meditation
  - SCIENTIFIC EVALUATIONS OF MEDITATION
    - The Pit Burial Studies
    - The Generalization Problem
    - Review of the Literature
      - Key Conclusions
      - Needed Research
      - Implications for Performance
  - CRITIQUE OF THE LITERATURE REVIEW
    - Overall Assessment
    - Kundalini Yoga
  - A CAUTIONARY NOTE ON EPISTEMOLOGY
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTE
  - REFERENCES
- 8 Managing Pain
  - ASPECTS OF PAIN
    - Acute Versus Chronic Pain
    - Psychological Factors in Pain
  - TREATING ACUTE PAIN
  - TREATING CHRONIC PAIN
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - REFERENCES
- 9 Hiding and Detecting Deception
  - PHYSICAL INDICATORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATES
    - The Laboratory Paradigm
    - Leakage
    - Motivated Liars
    - Faulty Detection
  - IMPROVING DETECTION
    - Training
    - Using Analytical Methodologies
  - CONTEXT AND CULTURE
    - Display Rules
    - Culture and Facial Expressions
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
- 10 A Broader Concept of Deception
  - TYPES OF DECEPTION
  - THEORIES, TAXONOMIES, AND FRAMEWORKS
    - Frameworks as Scientific Theories
    - Frameworks Based on Folk Psychology
      - A Taxonomy in Psychological Space
      - A Prototype Theory
      - A Linguistic Approach
    - Socialization
  - INTERACTIVE SETTINGS
    - The Expression Game
    - The World of Intelligence Agencies
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
PART IV Performing
- 11 Optimizing Individual Performance
  - THE MENTAL HEALTH MODEL OF SPORTS PERFORMANCE
    - Static Model: The “Iceberg Profile”
    - Dynamic Model: Measuring Overtraining
    - Summary
  - COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL INTERVENTIONS
    - Mental Practice and Motor Performance
    - Sports Performance
    - Modeling
    - Imagery and Mental Practice in Military Settings
    - Summary
  - PREPERFORMANCE ROUTINES, SPORTS PERFORMANCE, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASURES
    - Preperformance Routines and Sports Performance
    - Physiological Correlates of Preparation to Perform
      - Cardiac Deceleration
      - Hemispheric Asymmetries in the Brain
    - Summary
  - EXERCISE AND STRESS
  - BROADER VIEWS: NEUROSCIENCE AND PEAK PERFORMANCE
    - Models of the Brain
    - “Ideal Performance State”
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
- 12 Enhancing Team Performance
  - RESEARCH ON GROUPS: IN THE LABORATORY AND ON THE JOB
  - INDIVIDUALS AND TEAMS
  - TEAM PERFORMANCE
    - Member Contributions
    - Information Processing and Coordination
    - Consensus Decision Making: Choice Shifts
  - TEAM PERFORMANCE: FROM LABORATORY TO FIELD
    - Three Field Examples
      - Special Forces
      - Ranger Training
      - Nuclear Reactor Control Rooms
    - Challenges to Training
    - Challenges to Research
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTE
  - REFERENCES
APPENDICES
- A Committee Activities
- B Biographical Sketches
Index