This book examines how changes in reproductive patterns (such as the number and timing of births and spacing between births) have affected the health of women and children in the developing world. It reviews the relationships between contraceptive use, reproductive patterns, and health; the effects of differences and changes in reproductive patterns; as well as the role of family planning in women's fertility and health.
- Contraception and Reproduction
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS AND MATERNAL HEALTH
- CONTRACEPTIVE RISKS AND BENEFITS
- REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS AND CHILDREN'S HEALTH
- HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF CHANGING REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS FOR COUNTRIES
- 1 Introduction
- THE DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT
- FAMILY PLANNING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
- 2 Hypotheses about Reproductive Patterns and Women's and Children's Health
- DIRECT EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS ON HEALTH
- Reproductive Patterns and Women's Health
- Reproductive Patterns and Children's Health
- Birth Order
- Maternal Age
- Birth Spacing
- Unwanted Births
- Maternal Illness and Death and Effects on Child Health
- INDIRECT EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS ON HEALTH
- OTHER POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
- AVAILABLE EVIDENCE
- 3 Reproductive Patterns and Women's Health
- SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
- Measurement and Data
- Methodological Issues
- EFFECTS OF YOUNG MATERNAL AGE AND PRIMIPARITY
- EFFECTS OF OLDER MATERNAL AGE, HIGH PARITY, OR BOTH
- EFFECTS OF SHORT INTERVALS BETWEEN BIRTHS
- EFFECTS OF PREGNANCY IN INCREASING MORTALITY FROM OTHER CONDITIONS
- EFFECTS OF UNSAFE INDUCED ABORTION
- CONCLUSION
- 4 Contraceptive Benefits and Risks
- ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
- Health Benefits
- Adverse Health Effects: Cardiovascular Diseases
- Other Possible Health Effects
- Metabolic Effects
- Neoplastic Diseases
- Other Effects
- INTRAUTERINE DEVICES
- BARRIER METHODS
- LONG-ACTING CONTRACEPTIVES
- STERILIZATION
- TRADITIONAL METHODS
- DIMENSIONS OF NEW RESEARCH
- 5 Reproductive Patterns and Children's Health
- SOURCES OF EVIDENCE
- EFFECTS OF BEING FIRSTBORN AND YOUNG MATERNAL AGE
- First Births
- Young Maternal Age
- Summary
- EFFECTS OF HIGH BIRTH ORDER AND OLDER MATERNAL AGE
- EFFECTS OF SHORT BIRTH INTERVALS
- EFFECTS OF UNWANTED PREGNANCY
- EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HEALTH CONDITIONS
- MINIMIZING THE RISKS OF CHILD DEATH
- Risks to Individual Children
- Risks to Families
- KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS
- 6 Changes in Reproductive Patterns
- FERTILITY DECLINES AND BIRTH ORDER DISTRIBUTION
- MATERNAL AGES AT CHILDBEARING
- SPACING OF BIRTHS
- CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND INDUCED ABORTION
- EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS ON MORTALITY RATES
- CONCLUSION
- 7 Conclusions
- REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS AND WOMEN'S HEALTH: RISKS FOR INDIVIDUAL WOMEN
- Risks Associated With Induced Abortion
- Contraceptive Risks and Benefits
- REPRODUCTIVE RISKS AND CHILDREN'S HEALTH: RISKS FOR INDIVIDUAL CHILDREN
- AGGREGATE-LEVEL EFFECTS
- INDIRECT EFFECTS OF REPRODUCTIVE CHANGE ON THE HEALTH OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
- FAMILY PLANNING AND THE HEALTH OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN
- References
- Appendix Background Papers
- Glossary A
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