The pervasive, widespread problem of contaminated marine sediments is an environmental issue of national importance, arising from decades of intentionally and unintentionally using coastal waters for waste disposal. This book examines the extent and significance of the problem, reviews clean-up and remediation technologies, assesses alternative management strategies, identifies research and development needs, and presents the committee's major findings and recommendations. Five case studies examine different ways in which a variety of sediment contamination problems are being handled.
- Contaminated Marine Sediments -- Assessment and Remediation
- Copyright
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- Contents
- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Search for Contaminated Sites
- Utilization of Federal, Regional, and Local Expertise
- Coordination of Efforts
- CLASSIFICATION METHODOLOGIES
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Improved Methodologies
- Tiered Testing
- RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ECOSYSTEM
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Assessment of Risk Due to Contamination
- MOBILIZATION AND RESUSPENSION OF CONTAMINANTS
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Contaminant Transport and Partitioning
- Research in Sediment Transport
- Tiered Response Strategy
- CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Dredged Material Management Strategy
- No Action
- REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Source Control
- Technology and Information Transfer
- Remediation and Navigational Dredging
- Remedial Technologies
- Use of Capping
- Well-Focused Monitoring
- REMEDIATION AND SOURCE CONTROL: ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
- Findings
- Recommendations
- Use of Benefit-Cost Comparisons
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- Degree of Remediation
- Economic and Environmental Considerations
- Infeasible Remedial Options
- WORKSHOP SUMMARIES
- WORK GROUP I EXTENT, CLASSIFICATION, AND SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTAMINATION
- Extent of Contamination
- Classification of Contamination
- Significance of Contamination
- Resuspension of Sediments
- WORK GROUP II ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES
- Selection of Remedial Alternatives
- Developments in Equipment for Removal of Contaminated Sediments
- Available Disposal Alternatives
- Economic Considerations
- International Joint Commission Areas of Concern
- CASE STUDIES
- EXTENT OF CONTAMINATION
- NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ON SEDIMENT QUALITY
- Abstract
- Sediment Quality Assessment and Regulation
- The Data Base
- Freshwater Data
- Marine/Estuarine Data
- Observations and Conclusions
- Fresh Water
- Marine/Estuarine Waters
- Acknowledgment
- NATIONAL STATUS AND TRENDS PROGRAM FOR MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ASPECTS DEALING WITH CONTAMINATION IN SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- National Status and Trends Monitoring of Sediment Properties
- Site Locations
- Field and Analytical Methods
- Results
- References
- CLASSIFICATION OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
- USE OF THE APPARENT EFFECTS THRESHOLD APPROACH (AET) IN CLASSIFYING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Description of AET Approach
- Interpretation of AET
- Generation of Puget Sound AET
- Results of Validation Tests
- Measures of Reliability
- Test of AET Predictions
- Application of AET to Sediment Management in Puget Sound
- Conclusions and Research Recommendations
- References
- THE USE OF THE SEDIMENT QUALITY TRIAD IN CLASSIFICATION OF SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION
- Abstract
- Description of the Methodology
- Effectiveness and Relevance of The Methodology
- Field Validation of the Methodology
- Required Expertise and Costs
- Case Studies
- San Francisco Bay
- Puget Sound
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- References
- A REVIEW OF THE DATA SUPPORTING THE EQUILIBRIUM PARTITIONING APPROACH TO ESTABLISHING SEDIMENT QUALITY CRITERIA
- Bioavailability and Pore Water Concentration
- Partitioning of Chemicals
- Organic Carbon Normalization
- Equilibrium Partitioning Approach to Sediment Criteria
- Theoretical Speculations
- Sediment Quality Criteria for Metals
- Application to Marine Sediments
- Acknowledgments
- References
- MARINE SEDIMENT TOXICITY TESTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sediment Toxicity Tests—a Summary Review
- Effectiveness of Sediment Toxicity Tests
- Applications of Sediment Toxicity Tests
- Conclusions and Research Recommendations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- SIGNIFICANCE OF CONTAMINATION
- EFFECTS OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS ON MARINE BENTHIC BIOTA AND COMMUNITIES
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Extent of Contamination
- Tissues
- Significance of Contamination to The Benthos Background
- Individual Responses
- Biochemical
- Genetic
- Pathologies
- Physiology
- Behavior
- Growth and Reproduction
- Survival
- Population and Community Level Responses
- The Successional Paradigm
- Population and Community Responses to Contamination
- Implications of Changes in Community Structure
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION AND MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: POTENTIAL RISKS TO HUMAN HEALTH
- Abstract
- Transfer of Toxic Chemicals to Human Populations
- The Human Health Implications
- Filling the Gaps in Knowledge
- References
- MOBILIZATION AND RESUSPENSION
- PREDICTING THE DISPERSION AND FATE OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Sediment Dispersion Processes
- Advection
- Turbulent Mixing
- Flocculation and Settling
- Erosion/Resuspension and Deposition
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Acknowledgements
- References
- COMPUTER SIMULATION OF DDT DISTRIBUTION IN PALOS VERDES SHELF SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Methods
- Deposition Model (Order 1)
- Mixing Model (Order 2)
- Sediment Quality Projection
- Results
- Deposition Model
- Mixing Model
- Model Predictions
- Discussion
- Sensitivity
- Insight and Limitations
- Extensions
- Summary and Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Appendix Modeling Approach for Sedimentation and Sedimentation/Mixing Models
- ASSESSMENT AND SELECTION OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES
- MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Background
- Management Strategy
- Potential Problems and Testing Protocols
- Water Column
- Benthic
- Effluent Quality
- Surface Runoff Quality
- Leachate Quality
- Plant Uptake
- Animal Uptake
- Other Impacts
- Selection of a Disposal Alternative
- Open-Water Disposal
- Confined Disposal
- Open-Water Disposal With Restrictions
- Submerged Discharge
- Subaqueous Confinement
- Capping
- Chemical/Physical/Biological Treatment
- Confined Disposal With Restrictions
- Site Selection And Design
- Effluent Controls
- Runoff Controls
- Leachate Controls
- Control of Contaminant Uptake
- Other Controls
- Decision-Making Framework
- Responsibility for Local Authority Decisions
- Evaluation of Respective Contaminant Pathways
- Implementation
- Coe Policy
- Applications
- Refinement
- References
- ALTERNATIVES FOR CONTROL/TREATMENT OF CONTAMINATED DREDGED MATERIAL
- Abstract
- Background
- Contaminant Control During Dredging Operations
- Dredge Selection
- Equipment and Operational Controls
- Hopper Dredge Operation
- Cutterhead and Suction Dredge Operation
- Dust Pan Dredges
- Special Purpose Dredges
- Clamshell Bucket Dredge Operations
- Additional Control Techniques
- Contaminant Control During Transport
- Controls for Pipeline Transport
- Controls for Scow/Barge Transport
- Controls for Truck/Rail Transport
- Contaminant Control During Upland/Nearshore Disposal Operations
- Site Control Strategies
- Covers
- Surface-Water Controls
- Groundwater Controls
- Liners
- Groundwater Recovery
- Leachate Collection
- Dewatering
- Site Security
- Treatment of Dredged Material Slurries
- Solids Separation and Classification Processes
- Solidification/Stabilization
- Thermal Destruction Processes
- Treatment of Dredged Material Solids
- Treatment of Site Waters
- Reuse of Contaminated Dredged Material
- Contaminant Control/Treatment for Restricted Open-Water Disposal
- Site Characteristics as a Control Technology
- Engineered Control Technologies
- Submerged Discharge
- Lateral Confinement at The Site
- Capping
- Dredged Material Treatment and Open-Water Disposal
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- DEVELOPMENTS IN EQUIPMENT DESIGNED FOR HANDLING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Mechanical Dredges
- Mechanical Hydraulic Dredges
- Mud Cat
- Remotely Controlled Mud Cat
- Clean-Up System
- Hydraulic Suction Dredges
- Refresher
- Waterless Dredge
- Matchbox Dredge
- Wide Sweeper Cutterless Dredge
- Pneumatic Dredges
- Resuspension Levels of Sediment for Special Purpose Dredges
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- MONITORING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CAPPING FOR ISOLATING CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History of Capping Operations
- Damos Monitoring Program
- Recent Capping Observations
- Experimental Mud Dump Site (EMD)
- Foul Area Disposal Site (FADS)
- Summary
- References
- List of Damos Contributions Submitted To New England Division U.S. Army Corps Of Engineers
- REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES USED AT INTERNATIONAL JOINT COMMISSION AREAS OF CONCERN
- Abstract
- Background
- Remedial Options
- Commonly Used Techniques
- Remedial Options Requiring Some Testing and Assessment
- Remedial Options Proposed and Tested on A Limited Scale
- Some Limitations and Remedial Options Requiring More Testing
- Baseline Mapping
- Observations
- Conclusions and Research Recommendations
- ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS OF MANAGING CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General Economic Considerations
- Alternative Economic Frameworks for Addressing The Contaminated Marine Sediments Problem
- Benefit-Cost Analysis
- Economic Methods for Evaluating Nonmarket Environmental Goods
- Revealed Preference Approaches
- Valuing Public Health Risks
- Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- General Considerations
- Potential Problems with Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
- Application of Cost-Effectiveness to Public Health Risks
- Source Control: The Role of Liability Under Cercla and The Cwa
- Summary and Concluding Comments
- References
- CASE STUDIES
- NEW BEDFORD HARBOR SUPERFUND PROJECT
- Abstract
- Overview of the Site
- Description of the Problem
- The Environmental Problem
- Assessment of Contamination
- Sampling Programs for the Acushnet River Estuary and New Bedford Harbor
- Acushnet River Estuary
- Results of Assessment of Contamination
- Sediment Pcb Concentrations
- Water Column and Biota Pcb Concentrations
- Risk Assessment
- Public Health Risk Summary
- Ecological Risk Summary
- Remedial Response Objectives
- Remedial Technologies and Alternatives
- Overview of the New Bedford Harbor FS Process
- Remedial Technologies
- Identification
- Initial Screening
- Detailed Evaluation
- Treatment Technology Bench Test Program
- Coe Dredging and Disposal Evaluation Program
- Remedial Alternatives
- Development of Alternatives
- Screening of Alternatives
- Detailed Evaluation of Alternatives
- Implementation and Monitoring Considerations for Remedial Action
- Institutional and Management Considerations
- Siting of Handling, Treatment, and Disposal Facilities
- State and Community Acceptance
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Addendum
- Completed Project Reports
- PHYSICAL TRANSPORT INVESTIGATIONS AT NEW BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Field Data Collection
- Bridge Flux of TSM
- Estuarine TSM Flux Components
- PCB7 Fluxes
- Laboratory Testing
- Mathematical Modeling
- Near-Field Plume and Cad Models
- Estuarine Numerical Modeling
- Summary and Conclusions
- Acknowledgments
- References
- PCB POLLUTION IN THE UPPER HUDSON RIVER
- Abstract
- Overview of the Hudson River
- Hydraulic Influences
- PCB Transport
- Discharge Cycles
- Other Significant Environmental Factors
- Remnant Deposits
- Heavy Metals
- Cesium-137 Fallout
- Anthropogenic History
- Assessment of Contamination
- PCB Levels in Fish
- Analyses of Sediment Samples
- Organisms Other Than Fish
- Evaluation of Threat to Food Chain and Human Health
- Remedial/Alternative Technologies
- Evaluation Methodology
- Technologies Considered and Their Costs
- Remedial Action Selection Criteria
- Basis for Rejecting Alternatives
- Basis for Choosing a Remedial Action
- Anticipated Benefits
- Costs
- Implementation/Monitoring
- Remedial Action Taken
- Monitoring of Remedial Actions
- Institutional/Management Considerations
- New York State Constitutional Mandate Re: Barge Canal
- Miscellaneous Political Considerations
- Concluding Remarks
- References
- CONTAMINATION OF THE HUDSON RIVER THE SEDIMENT RECORD
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Radionuclides in Hudson River Sediments
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls
- PCB Composition
- Sources of PCBs to New York Harbor Sediments
- Response Time to Pollution Events
- PCB Budgets
- Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides
- Trace Metals
- Conclusions and Recommendations
- Acknowledgments
- References
- KEPONE AND THE JAMES RIVER
- Abstract
- Introduction
- The James River
- The Kepone Source
- Contaminated Sediments
- Discussion and Conclusion
- References
- ASSESSMENT OF CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS IN COMMENCEMENT BAY (PUGET SOUND, WASHINGTON)
- Abstract
- Introduction
- General Assessment Approach
- Chemical and Biological Indicators
- Form of the Indicators
- Action Assessment Matrix
- Definition and Ranking of Toxic Problem Areas
- Identification and Ranking of Problem Chemicals
- Summary and Recommendations
- ST. PAUL WATERWAY REMEDIAL ACTION AND HABITAT RESTORATION PROJECT
- Abstract
- The Tacoma Kraft Mill and Nearshore Contamination
- Project Description
- New Outfall
- Remedial Action
- Source Control
- Monitoring
- DREDGING AND DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENT FOR THE U.S. NAVY CARRIER BATTLEGROUP HOMEPORT PROJECT, EVERETT,…
- Abstract
- Overview
- Project Development
- Dredging and Disposal Preferred Alternative
- Sediment Assessment and Evaluation
- Contaminated Sediment
- Uncontaminated Soil
- Sediment Chemical Characterization
- Chemically Related Dredge Disposal Considerations
- Cad Standard
- Upland or Intertidal Disposal
- Surface Runoff Impact
- Leachate Testing
- Dredging and Disposal Alternatives
- Dredging Equipment Consideration
- General Disposal Alternatives
- Open-Water Capped Disposal Site Considerations
- Dredging and Disposal Design
- Performance Goals
- Proposed Dredging Equipment
- Mound Construction Phase
- Contaminated Material Placement
- Cap Placement
- Final Disposal Configuration—Summary
- Environmental Monitoring
- Second-Year Monitoring
- Long-Term Monitoring
- Conclusions
- Appendix A Biographies of Committee Members
- APPENDIX B COASTAL STATE SURVEY OF CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS
- APPENDIX C WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS
- APPENDIX D SYMPOSIUM/WORKSHOP ON CONTAMINATED MARINE SEDIMENTS
- Agenda
- Symposium
- Workshop (Ballroom II)
- Committee Meeting (Jackson Room) (Committee Members and Liaisons Only)
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