During the 18-year program of atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons (1945-1962), some of the 225,000 participants were exposed to radiation. Many of these participants have been experiencing sicknesses that may be test-related. Currently, test participants who had served in military units have pending over 6,000 claims for compensation at the Department of Veterans Affairs. This study presents improved methods for calculating the radiation doses to which these individuals were exposed, and are intended to be useful in the adjudication of their claims.
- Film Badge Dosimetry in Atmospheric Nuclear Tests
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Basic Principles of Film Badge Dosimetry
- A. HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
- B. PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY FILMS
- C. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL BASIS OF FILM DOSIMETRY
- D. THE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
- E. DENSITOMETRY
- F. RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF FILM
- G. ENERGY DEPENDENCE AND FILM BADGE DESIGN
- H. OTHER SOURCES OF ERROR IN FILM BADGE DOSIMETRY
- I. CALIBRATION AND STANDARDIZATION
- J. NEUTRON DOSIMETRY
- 3 Radiation Source Terms in Atmospheric Testing
- A. INTRODUCTION
- B. INITIAL RADIATION
- C. RESIDUAL RADIATION
- Fallout
- Induced Activity Other Than Fallout
- D. PHOTON FIELDS FROM RESIDUAL RADIOACTIVITY
- Bremsstrahlung
- X Rays
- Gamma Rays
- E. CONCLUSION
- 4 Use of Film Badges in Atmospheric Nuclear Testing
- A. FISSION AND ACTIVATION-PRODUCT MONITORING WITH FILM BADGES
- B. BETA PARTICLE MONITORING
- C. CALIBRATION
- D. FILM BADGE RANGE AND THE PROBLEM OF OVERLAP
- E. EFFECTS OF SOLARIZATION ON FILM BADGE MONITORING
- F. RADIOLOGICAL AND OPERATIONAL EFFECTS
- G. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN FIELD USE
- H. FILM BADGE EXPOSURE VERSUS DOSE
- I. TEST SERIES EXPOSURE LIMITS
- 5 Quantification of Personnel Film Badge Uncertainties
- A. DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF MEASURES OF TOTAL UNCERTAINTY
- Evaluating Individual Sources of Uncertainty
- Combining Several Sources of Uncertainty in One Badge Reading
- Special Problems in the Application of Uncertainty Analyses to Film Badge Dosimetry
- Uncertainty in Estimates of Total Dose Based on the Sum of Several Film Badge Readings
- B. CATEGORIES OF UNCERTAINTY
- Laboratory Uncertainties
- Radiological Uncertainties
- Environmental
- C. MINIMUM DETECTABLE LEVEL OF RADIATION EXPOSURE MEASURABLE WITH A FILM BADGE
- D. COMMONALITY AMONG THE TEST SERIES
- E. CONVERSION FROM EXPOSURE TO DEEP-DOSE EQUIVALENT
- 6 Uncertainty Analysis by Individual Test Series
- PROJECT TRINITY
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibrations, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION CROSSROADS
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION SANDSTONE
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION RANGER
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability or Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION GREENHOUSE
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION BUSTER-JANGLE
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION TUMBLER-SNAPPER
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION IVY
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibrations, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION UPSHOT-KNOTHOLE
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION CASTLE
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION TEAPOT
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION WIGWAM
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION REDWING
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type or Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION PLUMBBOB
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION HARDTACK I
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION ARGUS
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION HARDTACK II
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION DOMINIC I
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of Film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and Interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- OPERATION DOMINIC II
- Background
- Personnel Exposed
- Type of film Badge
- Badge Issue and Exchange
- Calibration, Processing, and interpretation
- Current Availability of Records
- Estimated Bias and Uncertainty
- Application of Bias and Uncertainty
- 7 Conclusions
- A. TRACTABILITY OF THE PROBLEM
- B. GAMMA RADIATION FROM FISSION PRODUCTS AND ACTIVATION PRODUCTS
- C. CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF FILM BADGE DOSIMETERS
- D. BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY
- E. METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY
- F. MINIMUM DETECTABLE EXPOSURE LEVEL
- G. CONVERSION FROM EXPOSURE TO DEEP-DOSE EQUIVALENT
- 8 Recommendations
- A. REPORTING OF BIAS AND UNCERTAINTY
- B. TREATMENT OF EXPOSURES REPORTED AS BELOW MINIMUM DETECTABLE LEVELS OR AS ZERO
- C. UNCERTAINTIES IN THE SUMMATION OF SEVERAL FILM BADGE READINGS
- References
- Appendix A Organizational Abbreviations
- Appendix B Glossary
- Appendix C Biographical Sketches
- COMMITTEE MEMBERS
- STUDY DIRECTOR
- Index
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