Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309039901
eISBN Pdf: 9780309597227
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1989
Month: January
Pages: 194
Language: English

Caption

Biologic markers—indicators of biological exposure or change—offer the promise of early detection of disease caused by environmental exposure. Researchers have used these markers to discover indications of pulmonary damage from low-level ozone, a finding with serious implications for health professionals and environmental regulators. Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology is a comprehensive study of this use of biologic markers. Focusing on the respiratory tract as an entryway for airborne pollutants, this volume reviews new ways of measuring markers, the need for markers to indicate dose or exposure levels, noninvasive respiratory function tests for use with healthy humans to detect sensitivity to inhaled pollutants, approaches to evaluating markers down to the cellular and biochemical levels, and more.

Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Executive Summary
- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
  - Markers of Exposure
  - Markers of Effect
  - Markers of Susceptibility
- EXTRAPOLATION FROM ANIMALS TO HUMANS
- MARKERS OF EXPOSURE
- MARKERS OF PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS IN INTACT ORGANISMS
- MARKERS OF ALTERED STRUCTURE OR FUNCTION
- MARKERS OF INFLAMMATORY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE
- MARKERS OF CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE
- RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Exposure Dosimetry
  - Physiologic Measurements
  - Structural and Functional Measurements
  - Cellular and Biochemical Measurements
1 Introduction
- TYPES OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS
  - Markers of Exposure
  - Markers of Effect
  - Markers of Susceptibility
- VALIDATION OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS
- USE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
2 Markers of Exposure
- DEPOSITION OF INHALED MATERIAL IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
  - Particles
  - Gases
- CLEARANCE OF INHALED MATERIAL FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
  - Insoluble Particles
  - Gases and Soluble Particles
- MONITORING FOR INHALED MATERIAL
  - Insoluble Particles
  - Respiratory Tract Fluids
  - Exhaled Air
  - Blood
  - Urine
  - Adipose Tissue
  - DNA and Protein Adducts
- MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF EXPOSURE
- CLINICAL TECHNIQUES FOR GATHERING DATA
  - Questionnaire
  - Lung Sounds
  - Respiratory Function
  - Imaging
- SUMMARY
3 Markers of Physiologic Effects in Intact Organisms
- RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
  - Spirometry
  - Mechanical Properties of the Lung
    - Dynamic Lung Mechanics
    - Respiratory System Impedance (Oscillation Mechanics)
    - Static-Quasistatic Lung Pressure—Volume Analysis
  - Intrapulmonary Gas and Particle Distribution
    - Gas Distribution Properties-Single-Breath Gas Washout
    - Inhaled-Particle Distribution
  - Alveolar-Capillary Gas Transfer
    - Diffusing Capacity for Carbon Monoxide
    - Gas Exchange During Exercise
- AIRWAY HYPERREACTIVITY
  - Methods of Assessment
  - Distribution of Airway Hyperreactivity in the Population
  - Airway Hyperreactivity as a Marker
- CLEARANCE OF PARTICLES FROM THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
  - Local Mucus Velocity
  - Whole-Lung Clearance
- INJURY TO AIR-BLOOD BARRIER
  - Conducting-Airway Permeability
    - Epithelial Ion Transport
    - Molecular Tracer Procedures
  - Alveolar Epithelial Barrier
  - Vascular Injury
    - Chemically Induced Injury to Endothelium
    - Loss of Endothelial Barrier Function
    - Nonbarrier Properties of Endothelium
    - Metabolic Activity of Endothelium
- SUMMARY
4 Markers of Altered Structure or Function
- WHOLE LUNG
- AIRWAYS
- PARENCHYMA
  - Morphometric Markers of Injury from Exposure to Inhaled Agents
- PULMONARY VASCULATURE
- IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS OF PULMONARY VASCULATURE
  - Gross Examination of Pulmonary Vasculature
  - Light Microscopic Examination of Pulmonary Arteries
  - Electron Microscopic Examination of Pulmonary Arteries
  - Future Directions
5 Markers of Inflammatory and Immune Response
- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO INHALED TOXINS
- INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE TO MICROBIAL INFECTIONS
- IMMUNE RESPONSE
  - Acquired Local Immune Response
  - Acquired Antigen-Specific Immune Response
    - In Vivo Challenge
    - Skin Testing
    - Nasal Challenge
    - Intrabronchial Challenge
    - In Vitro Challenge
6 Markers of Cellular and Biochemical Response
- SOURCES OF RESPIRATORY TRACT MARKERS
  - Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Humans
  - Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Animals
  - Bronchial Lavage
  - Nasal Lavage
- POTENTIAL MARKERS IN RESPIRATORY TRACT FLUIDS
  - Cellular Content
    - Macrophages
    - Neutrophils
    - Lymphocytes
    - Eosinophils
    - Mast Cells
  - Acellular Content
    - Antioxidants
    - Arachidonic Acid Metabolites
    - Complement
    - Growth Factors and Monokines
    - Oxygen Radicals
    - Enzymes
    - Protein and Protein Products
- MOLECULAR MARKERS
7 Conclusions and Recommendations
- DOSIMETRY
- PHYSIOLOGIC MEASUREMENTS
- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
- CELLULAR AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE
References
Biographies
Index

Subjects

Back

Viewers online

Text
Audio

Download options

Adobe DRM
Loan duration: 21 days
Format: PDF

Existing customer

Email

Password

NEW USER

Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology

Subjects

Viewers online

Download options