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Cities and Their Vital Systems

Cities and Their Vital Systems

Infrastructure Past, Present, and Future

  • Author: Herman, Robert; Ausubel, Jesse H.
  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309037860
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309555166
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1988
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 368
  • Language: English

Cities and Their Vital Systems asks basic questions about the longevity, utility, and nature of urban infrastructures; analyzes how they grow, interact, and change; and asks how, when, and at what cost they should be replaced. Among the topics discussed are problems arising from increasing air travel and airport congestion; the adequacy of water supplies and waste treatment; the impact of new technologies on construction; urban real estate values; and the field of "telematics," the combination of computers and telecommunications that makes money machines and national newspapers possible.

  • Cities and Their Vital Systems
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • 1 Cities and Infrastructure: Synthesis and Perspectives
    • REFERENCES
  • 2 The Dynamic Characterization of Cities
    • EVOLUTION OF A CITY
    • COMPARISON OF CITIES
    • DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION
      • Statistical Analysis
      • Data Presentation and Results
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
    • APPENDIX A SELECTED STUDY VARIABLES: EXPLANATORY NOTES
    • APPENDIX B CHARACTERISTICS OF EIGHT U.S. CITIES (ON THE FOLLOWING PAGES)
  • 3 How Cities Grew in the Western World: A Systems Approach
    • A DUAL MODEL OF URBAN SYSTEMS: ECONOMIC EXCHANGE AND SPATIAL CONFIGURATIONS
    • THE DYNAMICS OF GROWTH AND CHANGE
    • IMPLICATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INFRASTRUCTURES
    • REFERENCES
  • 4 Urban Systems and Historical Path Dependence
    • THE EVOLUTION OF LOCATIONAL PATTERNS: THREE MODELS
      • Model I. Pure Necessity: Location under Independent Preferences
      • Model 2. Pure Chance: Location by Spin-Off
      • Model 3. Chance and Necessity: Location under Agglomeration Economies
    • PATH-DEPENDENCE AND CONVEXITY
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 5 An Economic Model of Urban Growth
    • REFERENCES
    • APPENDIX
  • 6 Growth of U.S. Cities and Recent Trends in Urban Real Estate Values
    • DEVELOPMENT OF THE NATIONAL METROPOLITAN INFRASTRUCTURE
    • INFRASTRUCTURE LESSONS FROM GEOGRAPHIC HISTORY
    • PAYING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE IN THE NEW SERVICE ECONOMY
    • INFRASTRUCTURE AT THE LOCAL SCALE
    • HOUSEHOLDS AND HOUSING UNITS IN THE LARGEST CITIES
      • Socioeconomic Status of Households
      • Stage in the Household Life Cycle
      • Race and Ethnicity
    • SOCIAL STATUS AND HOUSING VALUE OF NEIGHBORHOODS
      • Chicago
      • Los Angeles
      • New York City
    • COMPARING CENTRAL CITY AND METROPOLITAN AREA HOUSING VALUES
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 7 Infrastructures for Movement: Past and Future
    • METHODOLOGY
      • Case 1: The Malthusian Population
      • Case 2: One-to-One Competition
      • Case 3: Multiple Competition
    • AIR TRANSPORT
    • 1995 AND BEYOND
    • MOVING ENERGY
      • Coal
      • Oil
      • Natural Gas
      • Nuclear Energy
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
    • APPENDIX
      • Special Cases: The Malthusian Case
      • One-to-One Competition Case
      • Multiple Competition Case
  • 8 Dynamics and Replacement of U.S. Transport Infrastructures
    • TRANSPORTATION
      • Aircraft
      • The Automobile
      • Railroads
      • Canals
      • Transport Infrastructure
    • PRIMARY ENERGY
      • Energy Consumption
      • Energy Substitution
      • Crude Oil and Natural Gas Transport
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • APPENDIX
      • Estimation Methods for the Logistic Growth Function
      • The Technological Substitution Models and Parameter Estimates
    • NOTES
      • Bibliography
  • 9 Air Traffic Congestion: Problems and Prospects
    • CAUSES OF AIRPORT CONGESTION
    • PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVEMENT
  • 10 Combining Communications and Computing: Telematics Infrastructures
    • COMPONENTS OF A TELEMATICS INFRASTRUCTURE
      • Data Transmission Facilities
      • Data Switching Facilities
      • Terminals
      • Distributed Processing
      • Standards and Protocols
    • ARRANGEMENT OF TELEMATICS SYSTEMS
      • Topologies and Data Flows
      • Networks
    • SOCIAL ISSUES
      • Computer Intrusion
      • The Innovation Process
    • PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
      • Components
      • Facilities Arrangements
      • Social Issues
      • Continuing Evolution
    • NOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • 11 Reflections on the Telecommunications Infrastructure
    • THE MARKET SHIFT
    • EFFECTS ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS AND ORGANIZATIONS
    • MEANINGFUL MEASUREMENT AND PROJECTION
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • 12 Water Supply and Distribution: The Next 50 Years
    • THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER SYSTEMS
    • POLLUTION AND SUPPLY
    • CLIMATE CHANGE, GROUNDWATER POLLUTION, AND WATER POLICY
    • THE IMPROVEMENT OF EXISTING SYSTEMS
    • CONSERVATION
    • INTERBASIN TRANSFER
    • RESTRUCTURING MARKETS AND REDESIGNING INSTITUTIONS
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • 13 The Urban Wastewater Infrastructure
    • THE COLLECTION SYSTEM
      • The Combined Sewer
      • Urban Hygiene
      • Land Use Management
    • WASTEWATER TREATMENT AND THE RECEIVING WATER BODY
      • Biological Wastewater Treatment
      • Physical and Chemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment
      • Water Quality Standards
      • Pretreatment of Industrial Wastewaters
      • Sludge Management
    • COMPREHENSIVE PLANNING
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • 14 New Construction Technologies for Rebuilding the Nation's Infrastructure
    • THE CURRENT PROBLEM
    • NEW MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY
    • NEW MONITORING AND SENSING TECHNOLOGIES
    • NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING
    • NEW CONSTRUCTION METHODS
    • CONSTRUCTION ROBOTICS
    • NEW MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES
    • DATA BASES FOR MANAGEMENT
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENT
    • REFERENCES
  • 15 Longevity of Infrastructure
    • THE IMMORTALITY OF INFRASTRUCTURE
      • Electric Power Plants
      • Dams
      • Bridges
      • Roads
    • HOW LONG COULD ELEMENTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE LAST?
    • HOW LONG SHOULD INFRASTRUCTURE LAST?
    • GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • Contributors
  • Index

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