Will the adoption of new technologies by U.S. industry lead to widespread unemployment? Or will the resulting use of new processes and techniques, as well as the introduction of new products, open new opportunities for American workers? This volume studies the relationship of technology to employment and the effects of technological change on the workplace. The authors discuss the role of new technologies in strengthening U.S. international competitiveness, recommend initiatives for assisting displaced workers, and make recommendations to aid industry in developing and adopting the new technology it needs to compete successfully in the world economy.
- Technology and Employment
- Copyright
- Sponsors
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN ECONOMIC WELFARE
- CENTRAL FINDINGS
- Employment and Wage Impacts of Technological Change in an Open Economy
- Technology and the Characteristics of Tomorrow's Jobs
- Technology and Work Force Adjustment
- POLICY OPTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Recommendations for the Public Sector
- Policies for Worker Adjustment
- Training for Labor Market Entrants
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Science and Technology Policy to Support the Adoption of New Technologies
- The Adequacy of the Data
- Health and Safety Impacts of Technological Change
- Recommendations for the Private Sector
- Labor-Management Collaboration in Technology Adoption
- Elements of "Best-Practice" Strategies for Technology Adoption
- Protection from the Costs of Displacement
- Education for Managers
- 1 Introduction
- TECHNOLOGY AND AMERICAN ECONOMIC WELFARE
- WHOSE JOBS ARE AFFECTED BY TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE?
- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND EMPLOYMENT IN AN "OPEN" ECONOMY
- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
- 2 The Sources and Rate of Technological Change in the U.S. Economy
- DEFINING TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- Invention, Innovation, and Diffusion
- Influences on Invention, Innovation, and Diffusion
- The Interaction of Technological and Organizational Change
- Measuring Technological Change
- SOURCES OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- Industrially Funded Research and Development in the United States
- Federally Funded Research and Development
- Foreign Research and Development
- THE DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY
- Factors Affecting the Diffusion of Technology
- Obstacles to the Diffusion of Technology
- KEY TECHNOLOGY "CLUSTERS"
- Information Technologies
- Computer-Aided Manufacturing Technologies
- Advanced Materials
- Biotechnology
- SUMMARY
- 3 Labor Supply and Demand Within the U.S. Economy
- THE U.S. ECONOMY: CHANGES IN STRUCTURE AND PERFORMANCE SINCE THE 1960S
- TRENDS IN U.S. UNEMPLOYMENT
- Aggregate Unemployment
- Displacement
- TRENDS IN LABOR SUPPLY
- Long-Term Growth
- Labor Force Growth, 1947-1986
- Projected Growth, 1984-1995
- Educational Attainment of the U.S. Labor Force, 1959-1990
- Comparing the Educational Attainment of U.S. Labor Market Entrants with Those of Other Nations
- LABOR DEMAND
- Growth in Labor Productivity and Output
- Changes in the Sectoral Composition of Output and Employment
- INTERNATIONAL TRADE, TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE, AND U.S. EMPLOYMENT
- International Trade and Employment
- Technological Change and U.S. Exports
- The Competitiveness of U.S. Industry
- Unit Labor Costs in U.S. and Foreign Manufacturing, 1950-1985
- SUMMARY
- 4 Studies of the Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills, and Earnings: A Critical Review
- THE EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- Policy-Oriented Studies
- Studies of Individual Firms, Industries, or Occupations
- Aggregate Analyses
- Summary
- SKILL REQUIREMENTS AND TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- Case Studies of Manufacturing
- Case Studies of Office Automation
- THE EFFECTS OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON THE LEVEL OF EARNINGS
- Growth in Real Earnings During the Postwar Period
- The Impact on Compensation of Worker Movement Among Sectors
- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS AND INCOME
- The Distribution of Earnings and Income
- Explaining the Trends
- 5 Differential Technology Impacts: Black Workers, Female Workers, and Labor Force Entrants
- BLACK WORKERS
- FEMALE WORKERS
- LABOR FORCE ENTRANTS
- 6 Technological Change and the Work Environment
- THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE ON ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
- The Structure of the Firm
- The Structure of the Workplace
- LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- Human Resources Challenges and Strategies
- Adoption Strategies in the Unionized Workplace
- Impediments to Best-Practice Adoption Strategies
- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY
- Workplace Hazards Created by Technological Change
- Technology's Potential for Reducing Workplace Hazards
- Changes in the Work Environment
- 7 Current Policies for Worker Adjustment
- JOB-RELATED TRAINING
- Where Do Workers Receive Their Training?
- The Adequacy of the Training System
- TRAINING IN BASIC SKILLS FOR LABOR FORCE ENTRANTS5
- DISPLACED WORKERS
- Characteristics
- Federal Training and Income Support Programs
- The Job Training Partnership Act
- Trade Adjustment Assistance
- Unemployment Insurance
- Federal Assistance for ''Upgrade'' Training for Employed Workers
- Evaluation of Federal Displaced Worker Programs
- State Programs: The California Employment Training Panel
- Displaced Workers and Adult Education
- Private Adjustment Programs
- Advance Notice of Plant Shutdowns or Permanent Layoffs as a Mechanism for Adjustment
- 8 The Quality of Data on Technological Change, Its Employment Effects, and Adjustment Mechanisms
- DATA ON TECHNOLOGY AND ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
- A STRATEGY FOR SURVEYS OF THE IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON THE WORKPLACE
- Surveys of Firms
- A Survey of Workers and Working Conditions
- INFORMATION ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WORKER ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMS
- 9 Findings
- CENTRAL FINDINGS
- Employment and Wage Impacts of Technological Change in an Open Economy
- Technology and the Characteristics of Tomorrow's Jobs
- Technology and Work Force Adjustment
- CHAPTER FINDINGS
- Chapter 2: The Sources and Rate of Technological Change in the U.S. Economy
- Chapter 3: Labor Supply and Demand Within the U.S. Economy
- Chapter 4: Studies of the Impact of Technological Change on Employment, Skills, and Earnings: A Critical Review
- Chapter 5: Differential Technology Impacts: Black Workers, Female Workers, and Labor Force Entrants
- Chapter 6: Technological Change and the Work Environment
- Chapter 7: Current Policies for Worker Adjustment
- Chapter 8: The Quality of Data on Technological Change, Its Employment Effects, and Adjustment Mechanisms
- 10 Policy Options and Recommendations
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PUBLIC SECTOR
- Policies for Worker Adjustment
- Aiding Worker Adjustment to Technological Change
- Options for Adjustment Assistance for Displaced Workers
- Operation and Costs of Program Options
- Advance Notice of Plant Closures and Large Permanent Layoffs
- Training for Labor Market Entrants
- Equal Employment Opportunity
- Science and Technology Policy to Support the Adoption of New Technologies
- The Adequacy of the Data
- Health and Safety Impacts of Technological Change
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE PRIVATE SECTOR
- Labor-Management Collaboration in Technology Adoption
- Elements of ''Best-Practice'' Strategies for Technology Adoption
- Protection from the Costs of Displacement
- Education for Managers
- References
- A Cosepup Charge to the Panel
- B Consultants to and Briefers of the Panel
- C Papers Commissioned by the Panel
- D Statement of Anne O. Krueger
- Index
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