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Agricultural Biotechnology

Agricultural Biotechnology

Strategies for National Competitiveness

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309078641
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309595735
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1987
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 222
  • DDC: 633
  • Language: English

Biotechnology offers tremendous potential for improving crop production, animal agriculture, and bioprocessing. It can provide scientists with new ways to develop higher-yielding and more nutritious crop varieties, to improve resistance to disease, or to reduce the need for inputs of fertilizers and other expensive agricultural chemicals. This book explores the United States' ability to solve important agricultural problems, effectively use funds and institutional structures to support biotechnology research for agriculture, train researchers in new scientific areas, efficiently transfer technology, and regulate and test recombinant DNA organisms in the field.

  • Agricultural Biotechnology
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Acknowledgments
  • Contents
  • 1 Executive Summary and Recommendations
    • THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION
    • THE POWER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
    • STRATEGIES FOR NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS
      • Research Emphasis
      • The Research System
      • New Talent
      • Applications and Commercialization
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Scientific Aspects
        • Increased Emphasis on Basic Research
        • Improved Techniques and Applications
        • Increased Attention to the Ecological Aspects of Biotechnology
      • Funding and Institutions
        • Linking and Integrating Research
        • Peer and Merit Review
        • The Federal Government's Role
        • The State Governments' Role
        • The Private Sector's Role
      • Training
        • Increased Federal Support for Training
        • Increased Retraining Programs
      • Technology Transfer
        • Roles for Universities and Government Agencies
        • Cooperative Extension Service
        • Patenting and Licensing
        • Regulation of Field Testing
  • 2 Scientific Aspects
    • THE POWER OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
    • USING GENE TRANSFER TO ENHANCE AGRICULTURE
      • Isolation of Important Genes
      • Gene Transfer Technology
      • Cell Culture and Regeneration Techniques
      • Monoclonal Antibody Technologies
      • Summary
    • NEW APPROACHES TO CROP PRODUCTION
      • The Genetic Engineering of Plants
        • Putting the New Technologies to Work
        • Looking to the Future
      • The Genetic Engineering of Microorganisms Associated with Plants
        • Putting the New Technologies to work
        • Looking to the Future
      • Genetic Engineering for Crop Protection
        • Putting the New Technologies to Work
        • Looking to the Future
    • NEW APPROACHES TO ANIMAL AGRICULTURE
      • Animal Breeding
        • Pregnancy Tests
        • Growth Hormones
        • Booroola Gene
        • Muscle versus Fat
        • Fish Farming
      • Microorganisms Associated with Animals
        • Vaccines against Animal Disease
        • Vaccines from Vaccinia Virus
        • Altering Intestinal Organisms
    • BIOPROCESSING OPPORTUNITIES
      • Alternative Fuels
      • Alternative Feed and Food Sources
      • Other Products
    • CONCLUSIONS
      • Gene Identification
      • Gene Regulation
      • Structure and Function of Gene Products
      • Cellular Techniques
      • Development in Organisms and Communities
      • Environmental Considerations
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Increased Emphasis on Basic Research
      • Improved Techniques and Applications
      • Increased Attention to the Ecological Aspects of Biotechnology
  • 3 Funding and Institutions
    • FUNDING BIOTECHNOLOGY IN THE AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SYSTEM
      • The Federal-State Agricultural Partnership
      • Past Contributions from Agricultural Research
      • Pressures for Change
      • The Emergence of Biotechnology
    • INSTITUTIONS THAT SUPPORT AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
      • Federal Agencies
        • U.S. Department of Agriculture
        • Environmental Protection Agency
        • National Science Foundation
        • Department of Health and Human Services
        • Department of Energy
        • Department of Defense
        • National Aeronautics and Space Administration
        • Agency for International Development
      • State Support of Agricultural Research
      • Private Sector
      • A Summary of Agricultural Research Funding
    • PEER REVIEW
    • REALIGNING THE SYSTEM FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY
      • Funding for Agricultural Biotechnology
        • Developing a Discovery into a Research Tool: The Cost of the Agrobacterium Ti Plasmid
        • The Federal Role
      • Integration of Agricultural Research Disciplines
        • Land-Grant Universities
        • New Institutional Forms
        • New Approaches to Agricultural Biotechnology
        • Grants for Interdisciplinary Research
        • Collaborative Groups and Exchanges
        • Large Laboratory Groups
        • Research Centers
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Linking and Integrating Research
      • Peer and Merit Review
      • The Federal Government's Role
      • The State Governments' Role
      • The Private Sector's Role
  • 4 Training
    • INTRODUCTION
    • PERSONNEL REQUIRED FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY
      • Demand for Scientists
      • Demographic Trends
    • EDUCATION AND TRAINING
      • Programs at the U.S. Department of Agriculture
        • Predoctoral
        • Postdoctoral
        • Land-Grant System
        • The Importance of Peer Review
      • Programs at the National Science Foundation
        • Predoctoral
        • Postdoctoral
        • Summer Courses
        • Career Development
      • Programs at the National Institutes of Health
        • Extramural
        • Intramural
      • Other Government Programs
      • Private Support
      • Conclusions
    • INTERDISCIPLINARY COOPERATION
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Increased Federal Support for Training
      • Increased Retraining Programs
  • 5 Technology Transfer
    • INTRODUCTION
      • The Economic Dimension
    • UNIVERSITY, INDUSTRY, AND GOVERNMENT INTERACTIONS
      • Research Relationships in Technology Transfer
        • Consultancies
        • Education and Training
        • Grants and Contracts
        • Consortia and Research Parks
        • Technical Development Offices
        • Entrepreneurial Companies
      • Alliances Related to Agriculture
        • Cornell University Biotechnology Program
        • Pittsburgh Plate Glass/Scripps Clinic
        • Michigan Biotechnology Institute
        • North Carolina Biotechnology Center
        • New Jersey Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine
        • University of California Biotechnology Research and Education Program
        • Plant Gene Expression Center
      • Implications of Alliances and Research Relationships
    • MERGING BIOTECHNOLOGY INTO AGRICULTURE
      • Land-Grant Universities
      • Cooperative State Extension Service
      • Regulation and Field Testing
    • PATENTING AND LICENSING
      • Patents and the Federal Government
        • The National Technical Information Service
      • Patents and Universities
        • Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation
        • Columbia University Science and Technology Development Office
      • Revenues from Licenses
      • Biotechnology Patenting Activity
      • Nonpatented Intellectual Property
      • Conclusions
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Roles for Universities and Government Agencies
      • Cooperative Extension Service
      • Patenting and Licensing
      • Regulation of Environmental Testing
    • SUMMARY
  • References
  • Appendix Gene Transfer Methods Applicable to Agricultural Organisms
    • INTRODUCTION
      • General Considerations
    • DIRECT DNA UPTAKE
      • Chemical Treatments
      • Electroporation
    • DNA MICROINJECTION
      • Animals
      • Plants
    • CELL FUSION
      • Animal Cells
      • Plant Cells
    • VECTOR-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER
      • Animal Viruses
        • SV40 and Adenovirus
        • Bovine Papilloma Virus
        • Vaccinia Virus
        • Retroviruses
        • Baculoviruses
      • Plant Viruses
        • Cauliflower Mosaic Virus
        • Geminiviruses
        • RNA Viruses
      • Transposable Elements
      • The Ti Plasmid
      • Fungal and Bacterial Plasmids
    • PROSPECTS
    • REFERENCES
  • Index

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