The model for risk assessment of nutrients used to develop tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) is one of the key elements of the developing framework for Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs). DRIs are dietary reference values for the intake of nutrients and food components by Americans and Canadians. The U.S. National Academy of Sciences recently released two reports in the series (IOM, 1997, 1998). The overall project is a comprehensive effort undertaken by the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) of the Food and Nutrition Board (FNB), Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences in the United States, with active involvement of Health Canada. The DRI project is the result of significant discussion from 1991 to 1996 by the FNB regarding how to approach the growing concern that one set of quantitative estimates of recommended intakes, the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), was scientifically inappropriate to be used as the basis for many of the uses to which it had come to be applied.
- Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients
- Copyright
- Contents
- Dietary Reference Intakes: A Risk Assessment Model for Establishing Upper Intake Levels for Nutrients
- INTRODUCTION
- WHAT ARE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES?
- Recommended Dietary Allowance
- Process for Setting the RDA
- Adequate Intake
- Tolerable Upper Intake Level
- APPROACH FOR SETTING DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES, INCLUDING TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
- MODEL FOR THE DERIVATION OF TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVELS
- RISK ASSESSMENT AND FOOD SAFETY
- Basic Concepts
- Steps in the Risk Assessment Process
- Thresholds
- APPLICATION OF THE RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL TO NUTRIENTS
- Special Problems Associated with Substances Required for Human Nutrition
- Consideration of Variability in Sensitivity
- Bioavailability
- Nutrient-Nutrient Interactions
- Other Relevant Factors Affecting Bioavailability of Nutrients
- STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOLERABLE UPPER INTAKE LEVEL
- Step 1. Hazard Identification
- Step 2. Dose-Response Assessment
- Data Selection
- Identification of NOAEL (or LOAEL) and Critical Endpoint
- Uncertainty Assessment
- Characterization of the Estimate and Special Considerations
- DERIVATION OF ULS: SUMMARY OF PROGRESS TO DATE
- Derivation of UFs
- Derivation of a UL
- Derivation of a UL for Other Groups
- References
- Appendix A Recommended Dietary Intakes for Individuals
- Appendix B Options for Dealing with Uncertainties
- Appendix C Reference Heights and Weights for Children and Adults
- Appendix D Case Studies of Application of Risk Assessment Model for Nutrients
- A. Calcium
- Hazard Identification
- Nephrolithiasis
- Hypercalcemia and Renal Insufficiency (Milk-Alkali Syndrome)
- Calcium/Mineral Interactions
- Dose-Response Assessment
- Adults: Ages 19 through 70 Years
- Infants: Ages 0 through 12 Months
- Toddlers, Children, and Adolescents: Ages 1 through 18 years
- Older Adults: Ages > 70 Years
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Special Considerations
- Exposure Assessment
- Risk Characterization
- References
- B. Folate
- Hazard Identification
- Dose-Response Assessment
- Adults
- Folate UL Summary, Adults
- Other Life Stage Groups
- Special Considerations
- Intake Assessment
- Risk Characterization
- References
- C. Riboflavin
- Hazard Identification
- Dose-Response Assessment
- Special Considerations
- Intake Assessment
- Risk Characterization
- References
- Appendix E Biographical Sketches of Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients
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