Fire Suppression Substitutes and Alternatives to Halon for U.S. Navy Applications

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309057820
eISBN Pdf: 9780309579421
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1997
Month: April
Pages: 111
Language: English

Fire Suppression Substitutes and Alternatives to Halon for U.S. Navy Applications
Copyright
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Executive Summary
- APPROACH AND SCOPE OF STUDY
- KEY FINDINGS
- CONTENTS OF THIS REPORT
1 Introduction
- REFERENCES
2 Assessment of Research on Alternatives for Halon
- CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE FIRE SUPPRESSION AGENTS
  - Fire Suppression Models—Chemical and Physical Mechanisms
  - Manufacturability of Commercially Available Halocarbon Fire Suppression Agents
    - Synthesis of Alternative Fire Suppression Agents
  - Effectiveness of Alternative Commercially Available Fire Suppression Agents
- TOXICOLOGY ISSUES
- BRIEF OVERVIEW OF STUDIES ON HALON SUBSTITUTES AND MECHANISMS
- FINDINGS
- REFERENCES
3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Evaluation of Environmental Effects of Fire Suppressants
- REDUCTION OF OZONE—MECHANISMS AND EFFECTS
- ATMOSPHERIC LIFETIME, OZONE DEPLETION POTENTIAL, AND GLOBAL WARMING POTENTIAL AS INDICATORS OF...
  - Atmospheric Lifetime
  - Potential Effects on Ozone
    - Effectiveness of Chlorine and Bromine in Ozone Destruction
    - How Much Have Halons Affected Stratospheric Ozone?
    - Ozone Depletion Potential
  - Potential Effects on Climate
    - Radiative Forcing
    - Relative Radiative Forcing per Molecule or Mass
    - What Effects Could Replacements for Halons Have on Climatic Change?
    - Global Warming Potential
  - Summary
- OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
  - Estimating Atmospheric Concentrations of Intermediate Degradation Products
  - Estimating the Concentrations of the Intermediate Products on the Ground
  - Degradation Pathways for Candidate Alternative Fire Extinguishing Agents
    - Degradation Pathways for Halomethanes and Haloethanes
    - Degradation Schemes for Halopropanes
    - Atmospheric Degradation of Perfluorocarbons
  - Assessment of the Environmental Impacts—ODP and GWP—of the Intermediate Products
  - Accumulation of Degradation Products in the Biosphere
- REFERENCES
4 Navy-Specific Issues
- SHIP SYSTEMS
  - Summary of Halon 1301 Ship Installations
  - Investment in Ship Halon Systems
  - Fire Extinguishing Systems for New-Design Ships
    - HFC-227ea
    - Water Mist
- AIRCRAFT SYSTEMS
  - Summary of Halon 1301 Aircraft Installations
  - Investment in Aircraft Halon 1301 Systems
  - Fire Extinguishing Systems for New-Design Aircraft
    - HFC-125
    - Inert Gas Generator Technology
      - F/A-18E/F Engine Nacelle/Dry Bay
      - V-22 Midwing Protection
      - Inert Gas Generator Development Summary
- NAVY HALON INVENTORY
- RETROFITTING NON-HALON SYSTEMS IN EXISTING SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT
  - Ship Retrofit
    - HFC-227ea Systems
    - Water Mist Systems
    - Technical Feasibility and Cost
  - Aircraft Retrofit
- SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATION
  - Options
  - Recommendation
Appendix A Halon Use by the Navy
- WHY HALON? A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
  - Ships
  - Aircraft
- SHIP FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
  - Machinery Space Fires
  - Extinguishing Systems
    - Halons
    - Aqueous Film-Forming Foam
    - Other Fire Fighting Measures
  - How a Shipboard Halon 1301 System Works
  - Shipboard Spaces Where Halon 1301 Systems Are Installed
- AIRCRAFT FIRE EXTINGUISHING SYSTEMS
  - Fires Aboard Aircraft
  - Typical Halon 1301 Aircraft Engine Fire Extinguishing System
Appendix B Regulation of Halon and Halon Replacements
- U.S. REGULATION OF HALONS AND HALON SUBSTITUTES
- ALTERNATIVES TO USE OF HALONS
- HALON BANG
- REFERENCES
Appendix C Stability and Materials Compatibility of Candidate Replacements for Halon
- STORAGE STABILITY
- EFFECTS OF HALON-LIKE ALTERNATIVE AGENTS ON ORGANIC MATERIALS AND METALS
  - Storage Considerations
  - Effects on Plastics and Other Organic Materials
  - Effects of Discharged Agents on Metals
- REFERENCES
Appendix D Water Mist Fire Suppression Technology
- THEORETICAL AND DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
- RECENT TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES
  - Misting/Atomization Technology
  - U.S. Navy Water Mist Technology
  - Commercial Water Mist Fire Suppression Systems
- EXPERIMENTAL EVALUATION OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS
  - Naval Research Laboratory, Small Compartment Testing
  - Naval Research Laboratory, Machinery Space Testing
  - U.S. Coast Guard, Machinery Space Testing
  - Factory Mutual Gas Turbine Enclosure Testing
  - National Research Council of Canada
  - Sintef (Norway)
- CURRENT STATUS OF WATER MIST SYSTEMS
- REFERENCES
Appendix E Glossary

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