Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants

Volume 1

Editor: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309057363
eISBN Pdf: 9780309561662
Lloc de publicació: United States
Any de publicació digital: 1997
Mes: Abril
Pàgines: 178
DDC: 350
Idioma: Anglés

Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Summary
- EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS FOR MILITARY PERSONNEL
  - Diesel-Fuel Smoke
  - Fog-Oil Smoke
  - Red Phosphorus Smoke
  - Hexachloroethane Smoke
- EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS AT BOUNDARIES OF MILITARY-TRAINING FACILITIES
1 Introduction
- SMOKES REVIEWED IN THIS REPORT
- U.S. ARMY POLICY CONCERNING USE OF OBSCURANTS
- SUBCOMMITTEE TASK
- DEFINITIONS OF EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS
- APPROACH TO DEVELOPING EXPOSURE GUIDANCE LEVELS
  - Emergency Exposure Guidance Levels (EEGLs)
  - Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Levels (SPEGLs)
  - Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGLs) and Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Levels (PPEGLs)
- SUMMARY OF APPROACH
- REFERENCES
2 Diesel-Fuel Smoke
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - Military Applications
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
- TOXICOKINETICS
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
  - Effects in Humans
  - Effects in Animals
    - Dermal and Ocular Exposures
      - Lethality
      - Eye and Skin Irritation
      - Carcinogenic Effects
    - Inhalation Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated 15- or 60-Minute Exposures
      - Repeated 4-Hour Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures: Relative Significance of Frequency, Duration, and Concentration
    - Screening Tests for Mutagenicity
  - Summary of Toxicity Data
    - Noncancer Toxicity
    - Carcinogenicity
- LIMITS EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE
- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Military Exposures
    - Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)1
    - Permissible Exposure Guidance Level (PEGL)2
  - Public Exposures
    - Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)3
    - Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)4
  - Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
3 Fog-Oil Smoke
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - Military Applications
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Military Exposures
- TOXICOKINETICS
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
  - Effects in Humans
    - Dermal Exposures
      - Noncancerous Skin Lesions
      - Cancer of the Skin and Scrotum
    - Multiple Routes of Exposure
      - Pulmonary Effects
      - Carcinogenic and Mutagenic Effects
  - Effects in Animals
    - Dermal Exposures
      - Lethality
      - Skin Irritation
      - Cancer
    - Oral Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures
    - Inhalation Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures
    - Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
    - Screening Tests for Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity
  - Summary of Toxicity Data
    - Noncancer Toxicity
    - Carcinogenicity
- EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS
- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Type of Fog Oil
  - Military Exposures
    - Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)4
    - Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGL)5
  - Public Exposures to New-Fog-Oil Smoke
    - Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)6
    - Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)7
  - Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
4 Red Phosphorus Smoke
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - Military Applications
  - Physical and Chemical Properties
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Combustion Products
- TOXICOKINETICS
- TOXICITY SUMMARY: ELEMENTAL RED PHOSPHORUS
- TOXICITY SUMMARY: RED PHOSPHORUS-BUTYL RUBBER
  - Effects in Humans
  - Effects in Animals
    - Dermal Exposures
    - Inhalation Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures
  - Summary of Toxicity Data
    - Noncancer Toxicity
    - Carcinogenicity
- EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS
- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Military Exposures
    - Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)1
    - Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGL)2
  - Public Exposures
    - Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)3
    - Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)4
  - Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
- RESEARCH NEEDS
- REFERENCES
5 Hexachloroethane Smoke
- BACKGROUND INFORMATION
  - Military Applications
  - Combustion Products
  - Physical and Chemical Properties of Zinc Chloride
  - Occurrence and Use
  - Military Exposures
- TOXICOKINETICS
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
  - Effects in Humans
    - Oral Exposures
    - Inhalation Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures
    - Dermal and Ocular Exposures
    - Oral Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures
    - Inhalation Exposures
      - One-Time Exposures
      - Repeated Exposures
  - Summary of Toxicity Data
    - Noncancer Toxicity
    - Example Noncancer Risk Assessment
    - Carcinogenicity
    - Example Cancer Risk Assessment
      - Estimated Exposure
      - Estimated Cancer Risk
- EXISTING RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMITS
- SUBCOMMITTEE EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Military Exposures
    - Emergency Exposure Guidance Level (EEGL)2
    - Permissible Exposure Guidance Levels (PEGL)3
    - Comparison with Other Exposure Guidance Levels
  - Public Exposures
    - Short-Term Public Emergency Guidance Level (SPEGL)4
    - Permissible Public Exposure Guidance Level (PPEGL)5
  - Comparison of Recommendations with Conservative Screening Cancer-Risk Estimates
  - Summary of Subcommittee Recommendations
- RESEARCH NEED
- REFERENCES