Adverse aircraft-pilot coupling (APC) events include a broad set of undesirable and sometimes hazardous phenomena that originate in anomalous interactions between pilots and aircraft. As civil and military aircraft technologies advance, interactions between pilots and aircraft are becoming more complex. Recent accidents and other incidents have been attributed to adverse APC in military aircraft. In addition, APC has been implicated in some civilian incidents.
This book evaluates the current state of knowledge about adverse APC and processes that may be used to eliminate it from military and commercial aircraft. It was written for technical, government, and administrative decisionmakers and their technical and administrative support staffs; key technical managers in the aircraft manufacturing and operational industries; stability and control engineers; aircraft flight control system designers; research specialists in flight control, flying qualities, human factors; and technically knowledgeable lay readers.
- Aviation Safety And Pilot Control
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- THE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EXPERIENCE
- IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
- AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS AS A CURRENT PROBLEM IN AVIATION
- INCREASING AWARENESS
- ELIMINATING AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS
- Management
- Design Criteria
- Simulation and Flight Tests
- INTERIM PRESCRIPTION FOR AVOIDING SEVERE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS
- Reduce Category I Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies
- Implications for Design of the Effective Aircraft Dynamics
- Suitable Metrics and Criteria
- Minimize Category II and III Pilot-Induced Oscillation Tendencies
- Implications for Design of the Effective Aircraft Dynamics
- Suitable Metrics and Criteria
- Examine the Possibility of Non-Oscillatory Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events
- Conduct Assessments and Evaluations Using Simulators
- Implications for Design
- Implications for Test Execution
- Conduct Flight Evaluations
- ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES
- 1 Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Problems: Definitions, Descriptions, and History
- INTRODUCTION
- PILOT-VEHICLE CLOSED-LOOP SYSTEM
- NECESSARY CONDITIONS FOR OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS
- HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS
- Aircraft with Conventional Flight Control Systems
- Aircraft with Fly-by-Wire Flight Control Systems
- STUDY OVERVIEW
- Statement of Task and Committee Membership
- Study Approach
- Report Organization
- 2 Varieties of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Experience
- INTRODUCTION
- CATEGORIES OF OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS
- Category I: Linear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations
- Category II: Quasi-Linear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations with Rate or Position Limiting
- Category III: Nonlinear Pilot-Vehicle System Oscillations with Transitions
- NONLINEAR, CLIFF-LIKE, PILOT-INVOLVED OSCILLATIONS
- Common Cliff Producers
- Rate Limiting
- Command Path Gain Shaping
- NON-OSCILLATORY AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING
- TRIGGERS
- Environmental Triggers
- Vehicle Triggers
- Flight Control System-Aircraft Configuration Mismatches
- System failures
- FCS Mode Shifts
- Pilot Triggers
- CASE STUDIES OF RECENT AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS IN FLY-BY-WIRE SYSTEMS
- Case 1. Lockheed Martin/Boeing YF-22
- Description of Event
- Analysis
- Post-Event Simulations
- Case 2. Boeing 777
- Description of Event
- Post-Event Flight Test and Simulation
- Analysis
- Conclusions
- Case 3. McDonnell-Douglas C-17
- Description of Event
- Analysis
- Corrective Action
- Case 4. Airbus A 320
- Description of Event
- Analysis
- Conclusions
- Case 5. Special Considerations for Rotorcraft
- 3 Aircraft-Pilot Coupling as a Current Problem in Aviation
- TRENDS FROM A REVIEW OF ACCIDENTS AND INCIDENTS
- FLIGHT DATA RECORDERS
- FLIGHT OPERATIONAL QUALITY ASSURANCE
- MILITARY AIRCRAFT
- ACCIDENT INVESTIGATIONS
- 4 Precluding Adverse Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events
- INTRODUCTION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- RECOMMENDED PROCESSES FOR IDENTIFYING AND PRECLUDING ADVERSE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS
- Management Policies
- Design Process
- Establish Flight Control Philosophy and Objectives
- Define Flying Qualities Requirements
- Detailed Flight Control Design
- Structured Analysis of System Performance
- Simulation Considerations
- Simulation, Laboratory, and Flight Test Flying Qualities and Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Evaluations
- Tasks to Identify APC Tendencies
- Flight Test
- TECHNICAL FIXES
- SUMMARY OF FUTURE CONSIDERATIONS
- 5 Simulation and Analysis of the Pilot-Vehicle System
- GROUND AND IN-FLIGHT SIMULATION
- SIMULATION TYPES
- Non-Real-Time Simulations
- Pilot-in-the-Loop, Fixed-Base Simulation
- Pilot-In-The-Loop, Moving-Base And In-Flight Simulation
- Hot-Bench And Iron-Bird Simulation
- Simulation Summary
- OVERVIEW OF HUMAN PILOT CHARACTERISTICS
- Modern Piloting Tasks
- Human Pilot Performance
- PILOT MODELS AND PILOT-VEHICLE ANALYSES
- Classical Approach
- Background
- Crossover Model
- Synchronous Pilot Model
- Modern Approach
- Background
- Optimal Control Model
- Different Modes of Pilot Behavior
- Compensatory Control
- Pursuit Control
- Precognitive Control
- Organization of Perceptions
- Remarks
- Applying Pilot Models to the APC Problem
- 6 Criteria for Assessing Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Potential
- PREREQUISITES FOR CRITERIA
- Validity
- Selectivity
- Ready Applicability
- PROMINENT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR CATEGORY I
- Aircraft-Bandwidth/Phase Delay
- Illustrative Example
- Smith-Geddes Attitude-Dominant Type III Criterion
- Estimating the Frequency of Category I Oscillatory APC Events
- Neal-Smith Criteria and Modifications
- Illustrative Example
- Dropback
- Extending Criteria to the Lateral Axis
- MILITARY STATUS AND TRENDS
- Development of New Quantitative Requirements for MIL STD 1797
- Development of Verification Maneuver Requirements by the U.S. Air Force
- CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING OTHER CONDITIONS
- Pilot-Aircraft Systems with Higher-Frequency Modes
- Non-Oscillatory APC Events
- Category II Assessments and Criteria
- CONCLUSIONS
- 7 Findings and Recommendations
- CHAPTER 1 AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING PROBLEMS: DEFINITIONS, DESCRIPTIONS, AND HISTORY
- CHAPTER 2 VARIETIES OF AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EXPERIENCE
- CHAPTER 3 AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING AS A CURRENT PROBLEM IN AVIATION
- CHAPTER 4 PRECLUDING ADVERSE AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING EVENTS
- CHAPTER 5 SIMULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE PILOT-VEHICLE SYSTEM
- Simulation
- Analysis
- Recommendations
- CHAPTER 6 CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING AIRCRAFT-PILOT COUPLING POTENTIAL
- Appendices
- Appendix A Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
- Appendix B Participants in Committee Meetings
- Main Workshop November 27–29, 1995
- Speakers
- Other Participants
- Secondary Workshop March 21–22, 1996
- Speakers
- Other Participants
- Southern California Fact-Finding Trip March 18–19, 1996
- Meeting at Dryden Flight Research Center
- Meeting at the Air Force Flight Test Center
- Meeting at the National Test Pilot School
- European Fact-Finding Trip April 27-May 7, 1996
- Meeting at Aerospatiale, Toulouse Plant
- Meeting at British Aerospace Defence, Military Aircraft Division
- Meeting at U.K. Department of Transport, Air Accidents Investigation Branch
- Meeting at Saab Military Aircraft
- Appendix C Details of Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Examples
- Essentially Linear Oscillatory Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Events
- Some Nonlinear Characteristics That Can Lead To Flying Qualities Cliffs
- Common Cliff Producers
- Command-Path Gain-Shaping
- Rate Limiting
- Appendix D Research
- Ongoing Aircraft-Pilot Coupling Simulation Technique Research
- T-33 Have PIO Simulation Technique
- C-17 Comparison between In-Flight and Ground-Based Simulation and Flight Test
- Development of APC Simulation Techniques for Fighter Aircraft Using the Variable Stability In-Flight Simulator Test Aircraft
- APC Compensation And Detection Research
- Compensation System Research
- Development of Theory-Based Detection Algorithm
- Neural Network Empirically-Based Detection System
- Acronyms
- Glossary
- References
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