Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet

A Comparison of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Substances

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309053914
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309556590
  • eISBN Epub: 9780309175715
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1996
  • Month: February
  • Pages: 434
  • DDC: 616
  • Language: English

Despite increasing knowledge of human nutrition, the dietary contribution to cancer remains a troubling question. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens assembles the best available information on the magnitude of potential cancer risk—and potential anticarcinogenic effect—from naturally occurring chemicals compared with risk from synthetic chemical constituents. The committee draws important conclusions about diet and cancer, including the carcinogenic role of excess calories and fat, the anticarcinogenic benefit of fiber and other substances, and the impact of food additive regulation. The book offers recommendations for epidemiological and diet research.

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens provides a readable overview of issues and addresses critical questions: Does diet contribute to an appreciable proportion of human cancer? Are there significant interactions between carcinogens and anticarcinogens in the diet? The volume discusses the mechanisms of carcinogenic and anticarcinogenic properties and considers whether techniques used to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of synthetics can be used with naturally occurring chemicals. The committee provides criteria for prioritizing the vast number of substances that need to be tested. Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens clarifies the issues and sets the direction for further investigations into diet and cancer. This volume will be of interest to anyone involved in food and health issues: policymakers, regulators, researchers, nutrition professionals, and health advocates.

  • Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Executive Summary
    • THE CHARGE TO THE COMMITTEE
    • CONCLUSIONS
      • Complexity of the Diet
      • Carcinogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity
      • Synthetic Versus Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
      • Models for Identifying Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Epidemiologic Studies and Human Exposure
      • Testing
      • Dietary Factors
    • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
    • CLOSING REMARKS
  • 1 Introduction
    • STATEMENT OF TASK AND DELIBERATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE
    • DEFINITIONS
    • STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
    • REFERENCES
  • 2 Naturally Occurring Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Diet
    • EXPOSURE TO NATURALLY OCCURRING CHEMICALS
    • THE COMPOSITION OF FOODS
      • The Major Components
      • The Minor Components
      • Complexity and Variability
      • Toxicants and Nontoxicants
      • The functional Role of the Components of Food
      • Dietary Plants and Cancer
    • NATURALLY OCCURRING CARCINOGENS FORMED DURING PROCESSING OR CONTAMINATION OF FOOD
      • Mycotoxins
      • Pyrolytic Products
    • CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN DIETARY CARCINOGENS
      • Identifying Potential Human Dietary Carcinogens
      • Constitutive Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
        • Caffeic Acid
        • Urethane (Ethyl Carbamate)
      • Acquired Naturally Occurring Carcinogens: Aflatoxin B1
      • Derived Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
        • PhIP (2-Amino-1-Methyl-6-Phenylimidazo[4,5-b]Pyridine)
        • N-Nitrosodimethylamine
    • CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE OF HUMAN DIETARY ANTICARCINOGENS
    • EFFECT OF DIETARY MACRONUTRIENTS ON CARCINOGENESIS
      • Calories
      • Carbohydrates
      • Fat
        • Linoleic Acid
        • Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)
        • Bile Acids and Free Fatty Acids
      • Protein
      • Alcohol
    • EFFECT OF DIETARY MICRONUTRIENTS ON CARCINOGENESIS
      • Vitamin A
      • Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
      • Vitamin E (Tocopherols)
      • Folic Acid
      • Vitamin D and Calcium
      • Selenium
      • Iron
    • ENGINEERING AN OPTIMAL DIET
    • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 3 Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet
    • SYNTHETIC FOOD ADDITIVES
    • OCCURRENCE AND EXPOSURE
      • Drinking Water
      • Foods
    • MECHANISMS OF CARCINOGENESIS
    • METABOLISM
    • TOXICOLOGICAL COMPARISONS
      • Nitrosamines
      • Hydrazines
      • Methylenedioxyphenyl Compounds
      • Aromatic Amines and Related Chemicals
      • Peroxisome Proliferators
      • Phenolic Antioxidants
      • Sodium Salts and Rodent Urinary Tract Carcinogenesis
      • α2u-Globulin Binding Compounds
    • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 4 Methods for Evaluating Potential Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
    • METHODS FOR EVALUATING CHEMICAL CARCINOGENESIS
      • Studies in Human Populations
        • Epidemiology
      • Molecular Epidemiology
        • Genetic Markers of Susceptibility
        • Biologic Markers of Internal Dose
        • Biologic Markers of Biologically Effective Dose
        • Early Biological Responses and Gene Mutations
        • Other Types of Biologic Markers
      • Screening Tests in Model Systems
        • Structure-Activity Analyses
        • Short-Term Tests
        • Rodent Carcinogenicity Assays
    • COMPARISON OF METHODS FOR EVALUATING NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC CARCINOGENS
    • CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AND TESTING
      • Carcinogens
      • Anticarcinogens
    • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 5 Risk Comparisons
    • MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION
      • Sources of Information
      • Sources of Variation in Food Composition and Consumption
      • Factors Affecting Susceptibility
    • DIETARY EXPOSURE TO POTENTIAL CARCINOGENS AND ANTICARCINOGENS
      • Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
        • Constitutive Exposures
        • Derived
        • Acquired
        • Pass-Through
        • Intentional Food Additives and Constituents of Spices
        • Traditional Foods
      • Synthetic Carcinogens
        • Pesticide Residues in Foods
        • Veterinary Drug Residues
        • Packaging Materials
        • Residues from Food Processing
        • Direct Food Additives
      • Anticarcinogens
        • Fiber
        • Micronutrients
        • Non-Nutritive Constituents
      • Comparisons of Exposure Predictions for Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Carcinogens
    • MEASURES OF CARCINOGENIC POTENCY
      • Correlation Between Cancer Potency and Other Measures of Toxicity
        • Interpretation of Carcinogenic Potency
    • ESTIMATING HUMAN CANCER RISKS
      • Risk-Estimation Methods
      • Uncertainty Analysis
      • Mechanistic Considerations
      • Toxicologically Insignificant Exposure Levels
      • Risks of Joint Exposures and Mixtures
    • DIETARY CANCER RISKS
      • Overall Impact of Diet on Cancer
      • Impact of Dietary Constituents on Human Cancer
        • Role of Calories and Fat
          • Excess Calories
          • Fat
        • Risk Estimates Derived from Epidemiologic Studies
        • Risk Estimates Derived from Toxicological Studies
        • Apportionment of Dietary Cancer Risk
      • Risks of Naturally Occurring Versus Synthetic Carcinogens in the Diet
        • Potency of Naturally Occurring and Synthetic Carcinogens
          • Distribution of Potency
          • Interpretation of Results
        • HERP Approach
        • Additional Comparisons
    • SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    • OVERALL CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 6 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Directions
    • CONCLUSIONS
      • Complexity of the Diet
      • Carcinogenicity and Anticarcinogenicity
      • Synthetic Versus Naturally Occurring Carcinogens
      • Models for Identifying Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
      • Epidemiologic Studies and Human Exposure
      • Testing
      • Dietary Factors
    • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
      • Resources
      • Fundamental Mechanistic Studies
      • Epidemiology
      • Rodent and In Vitro Assays
      • Analytic Methods in Structure-Activity Analyses
      • Engineering a More Optimal Diet
    • CLOSING REMARKS
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix A Selected Substances in Food Subjected to Some Degree of Carcinogenicity Testing in Anima ...
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix B Agents with Potential Carcinogenic Activity and Their Occurrence in the Diet
    • CAVEATS AND DISCLAIMERS
    • TD01 ESTIMATION
  • Appendix C Chemical Compounds Occurring in Dietary Plants that Have Been Reported to Inhibit Carcin ...

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