Careers in Science and Technology

An International Perspective

Éditeur: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309054270
eISBN Pdf: 9780309561037
eISBN Epub: 9780309175906
Lieu de publication: United States
Année de publication électronique: 1996
Mois : Février
Pages: 195
Langue: Anglais

Légende

Every industrialized country is concerned with maintaining an adequate supply of individuals interested in careers in science and technology, yet little is known about these efforts outside national borders. This book represents the proceedings of an international conference on Trends in Science and Technology Careers, held in Brussels in 1993. Organized at the behest of OSEP and the OIA Committee on International Organizations and Programs, in cooperation with the European Commission (DG XII) and in response to a resolution of the International Council of Scientific Unions, the conference identified international data on career trends, assessed the research base engaged in studying science and technology careers, and identified ways in which international organizations could promote greater interest in science and technology human resource development. The conference laid the groundwork for continuing international discussions about the best ways to study and promote careers in science and technology and national dialogues about the ways to integrate this knowledge into human resources policies.

Careers in Science and Technology: An International Perspective
Copyright
INVITED CONTRIBUTORS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PREFACE
Contents
INTRODUCTION
- PANEL 1 MONITORING CAREER TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
- PANEL 2 ANALYZING TRENDS IN S&T CAREERS: THE LONGITUDINAL APPROACH
- PANEL 3 ANALYZING TRENDS IN S&T CAREERS: FACTORS DETERMINING CHOICE
- PANEL 4 UTILIZING POINTS OF INTERVENTION TO ENHANCE AND SUSTAIN INTEREST IN S&T CAREERS
- PANEL 5 INFLUENCING S&T CAREER TRENDS: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
PART I Monitoring Career Trends in Science and Technology
- Summary of Introductory Comments
- Recent Developments in International Science and Technology Personnel Data Collection
  - UNESCO'S DATA ON THE WORLD STOCK OF S&T PERSONNEL
  - OECD EXPERIENCE OF MEASURING R&D PERSONNEL
  - EFFORTS TO COLLECT S&T PERSONNEL DATA AT THE OECD
  - THE OECD TECHNOLOGY-ECONOMY PROGRAM
  - RECENT AND EXPECTED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE S&T WORKFORCE
  - THE INCREASING ROLE OF WOMEN IN S&T
  - DECREASING GENERAL INTEREST IN S&T STUDIES AND CAREERS
  - FORECASTING THE SUPPLY AND DEMAND FOR S&T PERSONNEL
  - THE IMPACT OF PUBLIC S&T/R&D PROGRAMS
  - THE OECD S&T MANUALS
  - THE NEW S&T HUMAN RESOURCES MANUAL
  - TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
  - DEFINITIONS IN TERMS OF QUALIFICATIONS OR OCCUPATION?
  - SHOULD TECHNICIANS BE INCLUDED?
  - WHAT DISCIPLINES SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN S&T?
  - ALL SKILLED PERSONNEL OR ONLY THOSE ENGAGED IN S&T?
  - DEPRECIATION OF QUALIFICATIONS
  - STOCKS AND FLOWS OF S&T PERSONNEL
  - SOURCES OF DATA
  - S&T PERSONNEL VARIABLES OF POLICY
  - FULL-TIME EQUIVALENCE VERSUS HEAD-COUNT
  - COMPATIBILITY WITH INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS
  - WHAT NEXT?
- The Trends in Scientific and Engineering Personnel in Japan and the Focus of Research in the Institute of Science and …
  - ESTABLISHMENT OF NISTEP AND ITS TASKS
  - BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL IN JAPAN
    - Historical Character of Education for Scientific and Engineering Personnel
    - Current Situation in Scientific and Engineering Personnel Supply
    - Problems and Prospects in the Near Future in Japan
  - MAIN CONTENTS AND FOCUSES OF RESEARCH CONCERNING SCIENTIFIC AND ENGINEERING PERSONNEL IN NISTEP
    - Research on Public Understanding of S&T and STS Communication
    - Research on Careers and Professional Activities of Scientific and Technology Personnel
    - Research on Trends of S&T Careers Through S&T Award
    - Research on Choice of Field by University Applicants and Employment Trends of Science and Engineering Graduates
    - Research on Science and Engineering Doctorates in Japan
    - The Japanese S&T Indicator System
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
- Developing Data Systems on Trends in Science and Technology Careers
  - WHAT DATA ARE NEEDED?
  - WHAT PROBLEMS MUST BE OVERCOME IN CREATING DATA SYSTEMS?
    - Problem 1: Comparability—Geographical and Temporal
    - Problem 2: Specificity
    - Problem 3: Periodicity
    - Problem 4: Structuring the Data
  - CONCLUSION: CONFRONTING THE PROBLEMS
PART II Analyzing Trends in Science and Technology Careers: The Longitudinal Approach
- Summary of Introductory Comments
  - REFERENCES
- A Demographic Approach to Studying the Process of Becoming a Scientist/Engineer
  - BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS
    - Cohort
    - Career Process Redefined
    - "Bathtub" Model of a Population
  - STATES AND TRANSITIONS
  - MARKOV PROCESS
  - DATA
  - RESULTS
    - Distribution of Educational States
    - Age Pyramid
    - Sex Differences
    - Exit and Entry Rates
  - CONCLUSION
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
- Human Resources in Science and Technology and the Less Developed Countries Of Europe (EC-12)
  - EDUCATIONAL POLICY
    - Comments and Conclusions on Educational Issues Related to Human Capital
  - EMPLOYMENT
  - REGIONAL ANALYSIS AND SOCIOECONOMIC PARAMETERS
    - Demographic Trends and Labor Force
  - ECONOMIC INDICATORS
    - Human Resources
    - Disparities in Productivity and Income
    - Educational Opportunities and Training Facilities
  - SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
    - Measurement of Science and Technology
    - Economic Resources Devoted to R&D
    - Human Resources in Science and Technology
    - Data on Human Resources in Less Favored Regions of EC-12
  - SOME CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM THIS ANALYSIS
  - SOME PRELIMINARY CONCLUSIONS AND COMMENTS FROM THE INQUIRY CARRIED OUT BY OUR GROUP
  - NOTES
- The Longitudinal Analysis of the Selection of Careers in Science and Technology
  - THE IMPORTANCE OF LONGITUDINAL MEASUREMENT
  - XIE: A DEMOGRAPHIC MODEL
  - MUNOZ: HUMAN RESOURCES IN LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS OF EUROPE
  - THE IMPACT OF THE END OF THE COLD WAR
  - WHAT DO WE NEED TO KNOW ABOUT THE PROCESS?
PART III Analyzing Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Factors Determining Choice
- Overview of Technical Papers
  - BACKGROUND
  - INTRODUCTION
    - Factors Influencing Choice
      - 1. Sociocultural Environment
      - 2. Teaching of Science in Schools
      - 3. The Gender Gap
      - 4. The Image of Science
      - 5. Career Prospects
  - IMPLICATIONS
- Science And Technology Careers: Individual And Societal Factors Determining Choice
  - PROLOGUE: CAREER SELECTION IN THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY REALM
  - INTRODUCTION
  - UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM OF CHOICE
    - Factors Thought to Influence a Young Person's Decision to Select a Career in S&T: Some Survey and Analytic Data
    - The Nature of the Decisionmaking Process
    - Vocational Awareness and Vocational Flexibility
    - Why Students with S&T "A" Levels Turn to Non-S&T Degrees
    - The Effects of Perceived Ability on Choices
    - Factors Affecting Female Students' Choices
    - Policies to Improve S&T Literacy (and Possible Selection of S&T as a Career)
  - FUTURE RESEARCH TASKS
  - NOTES
  - REFERENCES
- Factors Behind Choice of Advanced Studies and Careers in Science and Technology: A Synthesis of Research in Science Education
  - BRIEF REVIEW OF RELEVANT FACTORS
  - ATTEMPTS TO PROVIDE EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
  - ATTITUDES AND VALUES AFFECTING PARTICIPATION, ACHIEVEMENT, AND CHOICE OF CAREER IN SCIENCE (IEA SURVEYS)
  - CAREER IMPLICATIONS OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS AND ATTITUDES TO SCIENCE (IEA SURVEYS)
  - ATTITUDES AND MOTIVATIONAL ORIENTATION (NON-IEA STUDIES)
  - CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
  - REFERENCES
- Critique of Technical Papers
  - Factors Behind Choice of Advanced Studies and Careers in Science and Technology: A Synthesis of Research in Science…
    - Science and Technology Careers: Individual and Societal Factors Determining Choice by Thomas Whiston, University of Sussex
  - GENERAL DISCUSSION
PART IV Utilizing Points of Intervention to Enhance and Sustain Interest in Science and Technology Careers
- Introduction to Utilizing Points of Intervention to Enhance and Sustain Interest in Science and Technology Careers
  - RECRUITMENT METHODS
  - RETENTION METHODS
  - NOTES
- Human Development of Science and Technology in Japan: From the Classroom to the Business World
  - INTRODUCTION
    - Statistical Outline of Current Japanese Education
  - RECENT EFFORTS AT THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH
  - PRE- AND IN-SERVICE TRAINING OF SCHOOL TEACHERS: GRADES 1-12
    - Current Pre-service Training: Mathematics and Science Teachers
    - Upcoming Pre-service Training: Mathematics and Science Teachers
  - CERTIFICATION SYSTEM OF TEACHERS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
  - SCHOOL CURRICULA FOR THE PROSPECTIVE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAREER STUDENTS
    - Current and Upcoming School Intended Curricula
    - School Textbooks: Mathematics and Science
  - CURRICULA ACTUALLY IMPLEMENTED BY THE TEACHER
  - CURRICULA ATTAINED BY THE STUDENT
  - STATISTICAL TRENDS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY CAREER COURSES IN RECENT YEARS (1960-1990)
  - TRAINING SYSTEM IN THE BUSINESS WORLD
    - HRD in Private Industry
    - Historical Trends of HRD in Private Industry
    - Characteristics of the Japanese Job Training System
  - REFERENCES
- Trends in Science and Technology Careers: Education Through Research
  - INTRODUCTION
  - NEW CHALLENGES FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION IN EUROPE
  - SKILL SHORTAGE IN EUROPE
  - REDRESSING THE BALANCE
  - WOMEN IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
  - ADVANCING EUROPEAN COOPERATION
    - European Science Foundation
    - Research Conferences
    - European Research Conferences
    - Program of EUROSCO
    - Other Science Programs
      - The NATO Science Program
      - Jacques Monod Conferences
      - The CIBA Conferences
  - NETWORKS
    - ESF Networks
    - The Human Capital and Mobility Program
  - REFERENCES
- Utilizing Points of Intervention: A Critique
  - CAREER EXPLORATION AND PLANNING IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS
  - SCHOOL-TO-WORK TRANSITIONS
  - CAREER STAGES IN THE WORK SETTING
  - CONCLUSION
PART V Influencing Science and Technology Career Trends: The Role of International Organizations
- Profiles of Participating Organizations
  - ACADEMIA EUROPAEA
  - COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
  - EUROPEAN SCIENCE FOUNDATION
  - INTERNATIONAL COUNCIL OF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS
  - NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
  - ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
  - THIRD WORLD ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
  - U.S. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
Appendixes
- Appendix A The Conference Program
- Appendix B Participant Roster