Coatings for High-Temperature Structural Materials

Coatings for High-Temperature Structural Materials

Trends and Opportunities

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309053815
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309578257
  • eISBN Epub: 9780309176026
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1996
  • Month: May
  • Pages: 102
  • DDC: 388
  • Language: English

This book assesses the state of the art of coatings materials and processes for gas-turbine blades and vanes, determines potential applications of coatings in high-temperature environments, identifies needs for improved coatings in terms of performance enhancements, design considerations, and fabrication processes, assesses durability of advanced coating systems in expected service environments, and discusses the required inspection, repair, and maintenance methods. The promising areas for research and development of materials and processes for improved coating systems and the approaches to increased coating standardization are identified, with an emphasis on materials and processes with the potential for improved performance, quality, reproducibility, or manufacturing cost reduction.

  • Coatings for High-Temperature Structural Materials
  • Copyright
  • Abstract
  • Acknowledgments
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Acronyms
  • Executive Summary
    • TRENDS
      • High-Temperature Coatings Design
      • High-Temperature Coating Types
      • Processes for Applying Coatings
      • Degradation Modes
      • Engineering Considerations
      • Life-Cycle Factors
    • NEAR-TERM OPPORTUNITIES
      • Concurrent Development of High-Temperature Coatings and Substrate Materials
      • Oxidation and Hot-Corrosion-Resistant Coating Development
      • Thermal Barrier Coating Development
      • Analytical Methods and Models
      • Repair and Overhaul
      • Nondestructive Evaluation
    • LONG-TERM OPPORTUNITIES AND INNOVATIONS
      • Innovative Coating Architectures
      • Other Innovative Concepts
  • 1 Introduction
  • 2 Application Needs and Trends
    • APPLICATION NEEDS
      • Aircraft Turbine Needs
      • Land-Based Turbine Needs
      • Marine Turbine Needs
    • CURRENT COMPONENT DESIGN AND BASE MATERIALS
    • ADVANCED MATERIALS FOR ENGINE COMPONENTS
      • Ceramics
      • Intermetallics
      • Refractory Metals
  • 3 Materials and Processes
    • COATINGS FOR HIGH-TEMPERATURE STRUCTURES
      • Coatings for Superalloys
      • Coatings for Ceramics
      • Coatings for Refractory Metals
      • Coatings for Intermetallic Materials
    • COATING PROCESSES
      • Physical Vapor Deposition
      • Sputtering
      • Thermal Spray Processes
      • Diffusion Coating Methods
    • COATING PROCESS CONTROL
    • SUMMARY
  • 4 Failure Modes
    • DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
    • DEGRADATION MECHANISMS OF COATINGS
      • High-Temperature Oxidation
      • Hot Corrosion
      • Mechanical Distress
      • Solid-State Diffusion
      • Spallation
    • A CASE STUDY: DEGRADATION OF THERMAL BARRIER COATINGS
      • Spallation
        • Plasma-Sprayed TBCs
        • EB-PVD TBCs
      • Erosion
    • RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES
  • 5 Engineering Considerations
    • COMPATIBILITY OF COATINGS WITH STRUCTURAL MATERIALS
      • Chemical (metallurgical) Compatibility
      • Process Compatibility
      • Mechanical Compatibility
    • COMPONENT COATABILITY
    • OTHER ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS
      • Coating Databases
      • Management of Air, Fuel, and Water
      • Influence of Coatings on Gas-Turbine Emissions
    • CONCURRENT COATING DEVELOPMENT
  • 6 Refurbishment of Coated Structure
    • FACTORS AFFECTING COMPONENT LIFE
    • REPAIR OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE COATINGS
      • Importance and Need of Repair Technology
      • Current Status
      • Future Directions
    • STANDARD DESIGNATIONS FOR COATINGS
    • NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION
  • 7 Near-Term Trends and Opportunities
    • THERMAL BARRIER COATING DEVELOPMENT
    • COATING PROCESSES
      • Repair and Overhaul
      • Analytical Methods
      • Modeling
      • Nondestructive Evaluation
  • 8 Long-Term Opportunities and Innovative Systems
    • INNOVATIVE COATING ARCHITECTURES
      • Continuously Graded Coatings
      • Horizontally Layered Materials
      • Interphase Layers
      • Vertically Layered Materials
      • Three-Dimensional Structured Materials
    • OTHER INNOVATIVE CONCEPTS
      • Nanocrystalline Coatings and Substrates
      • Advanced Processing
      • Built-In Sensors for Condition Monitoring
      • Embedded Microchannels within TBC for Cooling
      • Coatings for Refractory Metals
  • References
  • Appendix A Testing and Standards
    • NOMENCLATURE AND DESIGNATION
    • PROCESSING
    • MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
    • CORROSION
    • EROSION
    • THERMAL PROPERTIES
    • MICROSTRUCTURE
    • INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES
    • SUMMARY
    • CURRENT STANDARDS
      • American Society for Testing and Materials
      • Society of Automotive Engineers
      • Military Standards
      • British Standards Institute
      • DIN
      • Japan Institute of Standards
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix B Radiation Transport in Thermal Barrier Coatings
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix C Survey of Nondestructive Evaluation Methods
    • OPTICAL METHODS
    • THERMAL METHODS
      • Optical-Source Infrared Radiometric Detection
      • Other-Source Infrared Radiometric Detection
      • Radiometric Methods in Coating Deposition
      • Laser Acoustic Interferometric Imaging
      • Induced Current Methods
      • Injected Current Methods
      • Conventional Ultrasonic Methods
      • Laser Ultrasonics and Interferometric Detection
      • X-ray Methods
    • EMERGING NDE METHODS FOR INSPECTING COATING SYSTEMS
      • X-ray Thermal Imaging: Composition with Depth
      • Transient Grating Characterization Methods
      • Microwave Thermoreflectance
      • Modulated Stress Methods
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix D Modeling of Coating Degradation
    • CURRENT STATUS
    • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
      • Thermal Barrier Coating Modeling
      • High-Temperature Oxidation
      • Hot Corrosion
      • Life-Prediction Models
    • RECOMMENDATIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix E Manufacturing Technologies of Coating Processes
    • DIFFUSION COATING PROCESSES
      • Pack Cementation
      • Out-of-Pack Methods
      • Chemical Vapor Deposition
    • THERMAL SPRAY PROCESSES
      • Plasma Spraying
      • Low-Pressure Plasma Spray
      • High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Processes
    • PHYSICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESSES
    • SPUTTERING
    • ELECTROSPARK DEPOSITION
    • AUXILIARY PROCESSES
    • QUALITY CONTROL
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix F Example of a Coating Designation System
  • Appendix G Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

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