The Live Fire Test Law mandates realistic survivability and lethality testing of covered systems or programs. A provision of the law permits the Secretary of Defense to waive tests if live fire testing would be "unreasonably expensive and impractical." Though no waiver was requested before the F-22 program entered engineering and manufacturing development, the Defense Department later asked that Congress enact legislation to permit a waiver to be granted retroactively. Rather than enact such legislation, Congress requested a study to explore the pros and cons of full-scale, full-up testing for the F-22 aircraft program. The book discusses the origin of testing requirements, evaluates the practicality, affordability, and cost-benefit of live fire tests, and examines the role of testing, modeling, and data bases in vulnerability assessment.
- Live Fire Testing of the F-22
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- List of Abbreviations
- Executive Summary
- PRINCIPAL FINDINGS
- Practicality and Cost-Benefit
- Sufficiency
- Vulnerability Assessment Tools
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Desirability of Waiver for the F-22 Tests
- Changed Circumstances Since Milestone II
- Affordability and Cost-Benefit
- Sufficiency of Tests Planned for the F-22
- Other Recommendations
- Vulnerability Requirements
- Vulnerability Assessment Tools
- 1 Introduction
- VULNERABILITY IN THE CONTEXT OF OVERALL SURVIVABILITY
- VULNERABILITY TESTING OF AIRCRAFT VERSUS GROUND VEHICLES
- REPORT ORGANIZATION
- REFERENCES
- 2 Origin of Testing Requirements
- FRAMEWORK
- F-22 LIVE FIRE TESTING REQUIREMENTS
- The Live Fire Test Law—Requirements and Historical Interpretations
- Recent Live Fire Test Guidelines and Interpretations
- Recent Amendment to Waiver Provision of the Live Fire Test Law
- REQUEST FOR A RETROACTIVE F-22 TEST WAIVER
- Position on Vulnerability
- Position on Full-Up, Full-Scale Testing
- Confusion over Interpretation of the Law
- Help from the Previous Committee
- A Lingering Question
- F-22 DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR VULNERABILITY
- DISPOSITION OF PRIOR COMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATIONS
- SUMMARY
- Requirements Background
- What Changed to Cause Request for Waiver
- F-22 Design Requirements for Vulnerability
- Disposition of Previous Recommendations
- REFERENCES
- 3 Practicality, Affordability, and Cost-Benefit
- PRACTICALITY
- Relative Importance of Vulnerability Reduction to F-22 Survivability
- Realism in Aircraft Testing
- Level 1
- Level 2
- Level 3
- Level 4
- Destructive Versus Nondestructive Testing
- Expert Opinion
- AFFORDABILITY
- Affordability of Full-Up, Full-Scale Testing
- Investment Methodology for F-22 Vulnerability Tests
- COST-BENEFIT METHODOLOGY
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Sufficiency of F-22 Testing Plans
- F-22 THREAT ENVIRONMENT AND ITS REPLICATION
- OVERVIEW OF THE AIR FORCE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
- EVALUATION OF THE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
- Structure and Integral Fuel Tanks
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- Fuel System and Associated Dry Bays
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- Flight Control and Auxiliary Systems
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- Weapons Bay and Ordnance
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- Engines
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- Flight Crew
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- Fire Protection Systems
- Description and Attendant Vulnerabilities
- Combustibles
- Fire Detection.
- Dry Bay Fire Protection
- Fuel System Explosion Suppression
- Planned Analyses and Tests
- Dry Bay Fire Extinguishing
- Evaluation Plan for Halon Replacement
- Dry Bay Foam
- Synergistic Effects
- Assessment
- Suggested Revisions
- ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS
- CONCLUSIONS
- Adequacy of F-22 Threat Definition and Replication
- Overall Sufficiency
- Specific Actions
- Structure and Integral Fuel Tanks
- Fuel System and Associated Dry Bays
- Flight Control and Auxiliary Systems
- Weapons Bay and Ordnance
- Engines
- Flight Crew
- Fire Protection Systems
- Additional Action
- REFERENCES
- 5 Vulnerability Assessment Tools
- ROLE OF TESTING, MODELING, AND DATA BASES IN VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
- DOCUMENTATION
- DATA BASES
- MODELS
- Phenomenological Models
- Encounter Models
- Models Used by the F-22 System Program Office
- Large-Scale Effects
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 6 Recommendations
- DESIRABILITY OF WAIVER FOR THE F-22 TESTS
- COST-BENEFIT METHODOLOGY
- SUFFICIENCY OF TESTS PLANNED FOR THE F-22
- OTHER RECOMMENDATIONS
- Vulnerability Requirements
- Vulnerability Assessment Tools
- Appendix A Meetings, Site Visits, and Discussions
- COMMITTEE MEETING: DECEMBER 21-22, 1994 WASHINGTON, D.C.
- Participants
- Objectives
- Presentations
- COMMITTEE MEETING AND SITE VISIT: JANUARY 19-20, 1995 F-22 SYSTEM PROGRAM OFFICE, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
- Participants
- Objectives
- Presentations
- MEETING TO DISCUSS PREVIOUS NRC REPORT: FEBRUARY 8, 1995, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION (SAIC), TYSONS ...
- COMMITTEE MEETING: FEBRUARY 16-17, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C.
- Participants
- Objectives
- Presentations
- Round-Table Question-and-Answer Session
- SITE VISIT: FEBRUARY 21, 1995 NAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER, CHINA LAKE, CALIFORNIA
- Participants
- Objective
- Presentations
- COMMITTEE MEETING: MARCH 21-22, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C.
- COMMITTEE MEETING: APRIL 27-28, 1995 WASHINGTON, D.C.
- PANEL MEETING: MARCH 3, 1995 ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO
- Appendix B Live Fire Test Law U.S. Code, Title 10, Section 2366, 1994
- Appendix C Department of Defense F-22 Waiver Request
- A BILL [ENCLOSURE A]
- Section Live-Fire Survivability Testing of F-22 Aircraft
- PLAN FOR ALTERNATIVE ASSESSMENT OF THE VULNERABILITY OF THE F-22 AIRCRAFT [ENCLOSURE B]
- Executive Summary
- Systems Engineering Approach
- Requirements Definition
- Detailed Analyses
- Ballistic Tests
- Test Descriptions
- Material Tests
- Component Tests
- Subassembly Tests
- Wing Box Subassembly Tests
- Aft Side of Body Subassembly Tests
- Fuselage Fuel Tank Subassembly
- Dry Bay Subassembly Tests
- Engine Tests
- On-Board Ordnance
- Aircraft Battle Damage Repair (ABDR)
- High Power Microwave (HPM) Test
- Laser Tests
- Chemical Testing
- Model Enhancements
- Crew Casualties
- SECTION BY SECTION ANALYSIS [ENCLOSURE C]
- Live-Fire Survivability Testing of F-22 Aircraft
- Appendix D Vulnerability Assessment Process
- WHAT ARE THE THREATS TO MILITARY AIRCRAFT?
- WHAT IS AIRCRAFT VULNERABILITY?
- Critical Components and Essential Functions
- Kill Modes
- The Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
- The Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
- The Kill Tree
- WHAT IS A VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT?
- HOW IS VULNERABILITY MEASURED?
- WHAT ARE THE TWO METHODOLOGIES USED TO ASSESS VULNERABILITY?
- Analysis/Modeling
- Vulnerability to a Single Hit by a Penetrator or Fragment
- Vulnerability to a Contact-Fuzed High-Explosive Warhead
- Vulnerability to an Externally Detonating High-Explosive Warhead
- Results from the Analyses
- REFERENCES
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