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Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology

Biologic Markers in Urinary Toxicology

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309052283
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309587792
  • eISBN Epub: 9780309176644
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1995
  • Month: July
  • Pages: 322
  • Language: English

Diseases of the kidney, bladder, and prostate exact an enormous human and economic toll on the population of the United States. This book examines prevention of these diseases through the development of reliable markers of susceptibility, exposure, and effect and the promise that new technologies in molecular biology and sophisticated understanding of metabolic pathways, along with classical approaches to the study of nephrotoxicants and carcinogens, can be developed and prevention of the diseases achieved. The specific recommendations included in this book complement those made in the previous three volumes on biomarkers, Biologic Markers in Reproductive Toxicology (1989), Biologic Markers in Pulmonary Toxicology (1989), and Biologic Markers in Immunotoxicology (1991).

  • BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN URINARY TOXICOLOGY
  • COPYRIGHT
  • OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
  • PREFACE
  • CONTENTS
  • EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
    • EFFECTS OF TOXIC EXPOSURE OF THE URINARY TRACT
    • BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND EXPOSURE
    • BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EFFECT
    • BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN EXTRAPOLATION
    • NEW TECHNOLOGIES
    • THE SUBCOMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATIONS
      • General
        • The Kidney
        • The Bladder
        • The Prostate
      • Biologic Markers of Exposure and Susceptibility
      • Biologic Markers of Effect
      • Use of Biologic Markers in Extrapolation
      • New Technologies
  • 1 INTRODUCTION
    • BIOLOGIC MARKERS
      • Markers of Exposure
      • Markers of Effect
      • Markers of Susceptibility
    • VALIDITY OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS
    • ETHICAL ISSUES
    • STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
  • 2 TOXIC EXPOSURE OF THE URINARY TRACT
    • THE URINARY TRACT
      • Renal Blood Flow
      • Glomerular Filtration
      • Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion
      • Hormonal Action
    • MECHANISMS OF RENAL TOXICITY
      • Susceptibility to Injury
      • Direct Toxic Effects
        • Renal Vascular Injury
        • Glomerular Capillary Injury
        • Renal Tubular-Cell Injury
      • Indirect Toxic Effects
        • Immunopathologic Mechanisms
        • Xenobiotic Metabolism
      • Necrosis and Apoptosis
    • HOST FACTORS IN RENAL TOXICITY
      • Changes with Renal Growth and Aging
      • Changes with Diet
      • Influence of Pre-existing Renal Function
        • Nephron Number at Birth
        • Acute Renal Disease
        • Chronic Renal Disease
      • Physiologic Responses to Renal Injury
        • Physiologic Changes with Compensatory Hypertrophy
        • Factors Associated with Progressive Low of Renal Function
    • CLINICAL EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL EXPOSURE ON THE KIDNEY
      • Acute Renal Failure
      • Tubulointestitial Nephritis
      • Chronic Glomerulonephritis
      • Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
      • Nephrotic Syndrome
      • Hypertension
    • CANCER OF THE BLADDER, KIDNEY, AND PROSTATE
      • Tumor-Suppressor Genes, Oncogenes, and Growth Factors
      • Cancer of the Bladder
      • Cancer of the Kidney
      • Cancer of the Prostate
      • Interstitial Cystitis
    • ANIMAL MODELS OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
    • SUMMARY
  • 3 BIOLOGIC MARKETS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY AND EXPOSURE
    • POPULATIONS AT RISK
      • Hereditary Susceptibility to Nephrotoxicity
      • Nutrition
      • Socioeconomic Factors
      • Age
      • Coexisting Chronic Disease
      • Addictive Behavior and Recreational Drug Use
      • Occupational or Environmental Exposure
    • MARKERS OF SUSCEPTIBILITY
      • Modifying Factors of Susceptibility
      • Parenchymal Renal Disease
        • Cytochrome P-450-Dependent Activation of Nephrotoxicants
        • Prostaglandin H Synthase-Dependent Activation of Nephrotoxicants
        • Glutathione-Dependent Activation of Nephrotoxicants
          • Extrarenal Conjugation and Interorgan Metabolism
          • GSH Conjugation of Halogenated Alkanes and Alkenes by Cytosolic and Microsomal GSH S-Transferases
        • Cysteine Conjugate Beta-Lynse-Dependent Bioactivation
          • In Vivo Toxicity of S-Conjugates
          • Role of Cysteine Conjugate Beta-Lyase in Bioactivation of Cysteine S-Conjugates
          • Other Enzymes Involved in Cysteine S-Conjugate Metabolism
      • Susceptibility Factors in Cancers of the Genitourinary Tract
      • Cancer of the Kidney
        • Familial and Sporadic Nonpapillary Renal-Cell carcinoma
        • Papillary Renal-Cell Carcinoma
      • Cancer of the Bladder
        • Karyotypic Studies
        • Metabolic Pathways and Susceptibility to Bladder Cancer
        • DNA Adducts
        • Acquired Conditions Predisposing to Bladder Cancer
      • Cancer of the Prostate
        • Population Studies
        • Karyotypic Analysis
    • MAKERS OF EXPOSURE
    • SUMMARY
  • 4 BIOLOGIC MAKERS OF EFFECT
    • EXTERNAL VISUALIZATION
    • URINARY CLEARANCE MEASUREMENTS
      • Direct
      • Indirect
    • URINALYSIS
      • Total Urinary Solute Concentration
      • Dipsticks
      • Microscopic Analysis
      • Proteinuria
        • Measurement of Urinary Protein
        • Albuminuria
        • Microalbuminuria
        • Low-Molecular-Weight Proteinuria
        • Brush-Border Proteins
        • Tamm-Horsfall Protein
    • MARKERS OF CYTOTOXICITY AND CELLULAR RESPONSE
      • Urinary Cells
        • Markers of Injury or Inflammation in Renal-Tissue Samples
        • Markers of Renal-Tissue Injury in Urine
      • Urinary Enzymes
        • Theoretical and Diagnostic Importance
        • Disadvantages as Markers
    • MARKERS OF NEOPLASIA
      • General Considerations
      • Proliferation
      • Renal-Cell Carcinoma
      • Bladder Cancer
        • Conventional Markers in Bladder Cancer
        • Dipstick Testing
        • Cytologic Analysis
        • Karyotypic changes
        • Markers in Occupationally Exposed Cohorts
      • Prostatic Cancer
        • Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen
        • Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
        • DNA Ploidy and Prostatic Cancer
        • Cytoskeletal and Nuclear-Matrix Proteins
        • Tumor-Suppressor Genes
        • Growth Factors
    • MARKERS OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS
    • SUMMARY
  • 5 BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN EXTRAPOLATION
    • BASIS OF EXTRAPOLATION
      • Animal Studies
      • Renal Parenchymal Injury
        • Glomerular Filtration Rate
        • Tubular Function
        • Proteinuria
        • Tamm-Horsfall Protein
        • Enzymuria
        • Monoclonal Antibodies
      • Bladder Toxicity
        • Xenobiotics
        • Extracellular Calcium
        • Zinc
        • Monovalent-Cation Salts and Urinary pH
        • Mechanical Distention
        • Growth Factors
        • Treatment
      • Renal-Tumor Formation
    • TECHNIQUES USED IN RISK ASSESSMENT
      • Animal Studies
        • Whole-Kidney Preparations
      • In Vitro Studies
      • Uses and Limitations of Freshly Isolated Renal Cells
      • Renal-Cell Cultures as Models of Chronic Injury and Carcinogenesis
      • In Vitro Models of Nonrenal Urinary Epithelia
    • IMPROVED RISK-ASSESSMENT EXTRAPOLATION
      • Relevance of Test Systems
      • Metabolism and Kinetics
      • Mechanism of Action
      • Quantitative Issues
    • SUMMARY
  • 6 NEW TECHNOLOGIES
    • MAKERS OF CELL INJURY, REGENERATION, AND HYPERTROPHY
      • The Cell Cycle
      • Growth Factors
        • Epidermal Growth Factor
        • Insulin-Like Growth Factors
        • Transforming Growth Factor Beta
      • Angiotensin II
      • Early-Response Genes
      • Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Hypertrophy
      • Sodium-Pump Activity and Cell Growth
      • Polyamines
    • CANCER OF THE BLADDER
      • Cell Culture
      • Quantitative Fluorescence Image Analysis
    • DIFFERENTIAL-DISPLAY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
    • CANCER OF THE PROSTATE
      • Prostate-Specific Antigen
      • Marker Development
      • Neuroendocrine Cells in the Prostate
    • CANCER OF THE KIDNEY
      • Renal Tumors in Male Rats Mediated by Alpha2u-globulin
      • Acute Nephropathy
      • Chronic Renal-Cell Injury and Proliferation
      • Renal Neoplasia
      • Genotoxicity
      • Related Proteins and Their Role in Safety Evaluation
      • Male Rat Renal Tumors in the Assessment of Risk to Humans
    • SUMMARY
  • 7 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
    • TOXIC EXPOSURE OF THE URINARY TRACT
      • The Kidney
        • Conclusion
        • Recommendation
        • Conclusion
        • Recommendation
      • The Bladder
        • Conclusion
        • Recommendation
        • Conclusion
        • Recommendation
      • The Prostate
        • Conclusion
        • Recommendation
    • BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EXPOSURE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
    • BIOLOGIC MARKERS OF EFFECT
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
    • USE OF BIOLOGIC MARKERS IN EXTRAPOLATION
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
    • NEW TECHNOLOGIES
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
      • Conclusion
      • Recommendation
  • REFERENCES

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