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Biodiversity

Biodiversity

  • Author: University, Harvard; Wilson, E.O.
  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309037396
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309567367
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1988
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 535
  • Language: English

This important book for scientists and nonscientists alike calls attention to a most urgent global problem: the rapidly accelerating loss of plant and animal species to increasing human population pressure and the demands of economic development. Based on a major conference sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and the Smithsonian Institution, Biodiversity creates a systematic framework for analyzing the problem and searching for possible solutions.

  • BIODIVERSITY
  • Copyright
  • EDITOR'S FOREWORD
  • Contents
  • CHAPTER 1 THE CURRENT STATE OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
    • THE AMOUNT OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
    • THE NATURAL LONGEVITY OF SPECIES
    • RAIN FORESTS AS CENTERS OF DIVERSITY
    • HOW MUCH DIVERSITY IS BEING LOST?
    • HOW FAST IS DIVERSITY DECLINING?
    • WHAT CAN BE DONE?
    • REFERENCES
  • PART 1 CHALLENGES TO THE PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
    • CHAPTER 2 THE LOSS OF DIVERSITY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 3 TROPICAL FORESTS AND THEIR SPECIES
      • TROPICAL FORESTS
      • EXTINCTION RATES: FUTURE
      • TROPICAL FOREST AND CLIMATIC CHANGE
      • REPERCUSSIONS FOR THE FUTURE OF EVOLUTION
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 4 ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN COASTAL ZONES AND OCEANS
      • COASTS AND OCEANS—A WORLD VIEW
      • LIFE ACCORDING TO THE BOOK OF TAXONOMY
      • ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
      • CONCLUSIONS IN PROSPECT
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 5 DIVERSITY CRISES IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST
      • THE PHANEROZOIC RECORD OF EXTINCTION
      • EXTINCTION RATES IN DEEP TIME
      • EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF PAST EXTINCTIONS
      • EXTINCTION IN SHALLOW TIME: THE PLEISTOCENE EXPERIENCE
      • RESEARCH FOR THE FUTURE
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 6 ESTIMATING REDUCTIONS IN THE DIVERSITY OF TROPICAL FOREST SPECIES
      • THE ACCEPTED VIEW
      • NUMBER OF SPECIES IN THE TROPICS
      • RATE OF CHANGE IN TROPICAL FOREST AREAS
      • DIVERSITY OF FOREST TYPES IN THE TROPICS
      • RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEFORESTATION RATE AND LOSS OF SPECIES
      • SEEKING A BETTER ESTIMATE
      • CALLING ATTENTION TO THE POSITIVE TERMS IN THE SPECIES EXTINCTION ISSUE
      • NEED FOR BETTER LAND AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 7 CHALLENGES TO BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN URBAN AREAS
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 2 HUMAN DEPENDENCE ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
    • CHAPTER 8 DEEP ECOLOGY MEETS THE DEVELOPING WORLD
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 9 SCREENING PLANTS FOR NEW MEDICINES
      • THE GLOBAL IMPORTANCE OF PLANT-DERIVED DRUGS
      • THE IMPORTANCE OF HERBAL DRUGS
        • In Hong Kong
        • In Japan
        • In the People's Republic of China
      • THE SEARCH FOR NEW PLANT DRUGS
        • Use of the NAPRALERT Data Base
        • Pharmacological Interest in Natural Products
        • Approaches to Drug Discovery from Plants
      • LACK OF INTEREST IN NEW DRUG DISCOVERY PROGRAMS FROM PLANTS
      • SUMMARY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 10 SERENDIPITY IN THE EXPLORATION OF BIODIVERSITY
      • THE DISCOVERY OF A NEW TOMATO
      • HOW MUCH IS A WILD TOMATO WORTH?
      • A NEW SPECIES OF WILD MAIZE
      • THE CONTINUING IMPORTANCE OF BOTANICAL EXPLORATION
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 11 THE OUTLOOK FOR NEW AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS FROM THE TROPICS
      • AGRICULTURE
      • NEW CROPS
      • IMPROVEMENT OF CROP SPECIES THROUGH CROSS-BREEDING
      • NATURAL PESTICIDES
      • INDUSTRY
      • FATS AND OILS
      • FIBERS
      • THE ROLE OF THE ETHNOBOTANIST
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 3 DIVERSITY AT RISK: TROPICAL FORESTS
    • CHAPTER 12 OUR DIMINISHING TROPICAL FORESTS
    • CHAPTER 13 THE TROPICAL FOREST CANOPY
      • THE PROBLEM
      • THE HISTORY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 14 TROPICAL DRY FORESTS
      • DIVERSITY IN THE DRY FOREST
      • A MANY-FACED THREAT
      • FUTURE PROSPECTS
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 15 DEFORESTATION AND INDIANS IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIA
      • THE YANOMAMI OF NORTHERN BRAZIL
      • THE KAYAPO OF CENTRAL BRAZIL
      • THE RIGHTS AND WRONGS OF SHIFTING CULTIVATION
      • INDIAN PRODUCTIVITY IN THE TROPICAL FOREST
      • THE IMPACT OF DEFORESTATION ON INDIAN LIFE
      • INDIAN MANAGERS OF THE RAIN FORESTS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 16 PRIMATE DIVERSITY AND THE TROPICAL FOREST
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 4 DIVERSITY AT RISK: THE GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
    • CHAPTER 17 LESSONS FROM MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE REGIONS
      • COMMUNITY DIVERSITY IN TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE REGIONS
      • MEDITERRANEAN-CLIMATE FLORISTIC DIVERSITY
        • South Africa
        • California
        • The Mediterranean Basin
      • INCREASING BIOTIC DIVERSITY—THE INVADERS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 18 STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY IN TEMPERATE FORESTS
      • MAINTAINING SUCCESSIONAL STATES
      • MAINTAINING STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY
      • PROTECTING AQUATIC DIVERSITY
      • DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE STEWARDSHIP PROGRAMS
      • INCORPORATING BIODIVERSITY OBJECTIVES INTO MANAGEMENT
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 19 DIVERSITY IN AND AMONG GRASSLANDS
      • GRAZING AND AGRICULTURE CONVERSIONS
      • MORE SUBTLE IMPACTS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 20 DIVERSITY AND BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS OF OCEANIC ISLANDS
      • SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM
      • WHY ARE ISLANDS SUSCEPTIBLE?
      • WHAT CAN BE DONE?
      • IDENTIFICATION OF PROBLEM SPECIES
        • Herbivorous Mammals
        • Predators
        • Ecosystem-Level Effects
        • Invasion of Intact Native Ecosystems
      • IDENTIFICATION OF CRITICAL HABITATS
      • HABITAT DESTRUCTION
      • ECOLOGICAL RESEARCH ON ISLANDS
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 5 THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
    • CHAPTER 21 ECONOMICS AND THE PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 22 COMMODITY, AMENITY, AND MORALITY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 23 THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL EXCHANGE ECONOMY AND THE LOSS OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 24 WHY PUT A VALUE ON BIODIVERSITY?
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 25 WHAT MAINSTREAM ECONOMISTS HAVE TO SAY ABOUT THE VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
      • WELFARE CHANGE MEASUREMENT IMPLEMENTS AN EXPLICIT ETHICAL FRAMEWORK
      • THE ECONOMIC APPROACH IS NOT LIMITED TO THE COMMERCIAL DOMAIN
      • THERE IS AN (ALMOST) ADEQUATE CONCEPTUAL BASIS FOR ECONOMIC VALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY
      • TECHNIQUES FOR EMPIRICAL VALUATION EXIST AND ARE APPLICABLE TO MANY BIODIVERSITY ISSUES, BUT LACK OF INFORMATION CAN BE…
      • POLICY DECISION CRITERIA HAVE BEEN PROPOSED
      • THE EMPIRICAL CUPBOARD IS NOT BARE
      • FURTHER COMMENTS ON THE MAINSTREAM ECONOMICS APPROACH
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 6 HOW IS BIODIVERSITY MONITORED AND PROTECTED?
    • CHAPTER 26 MONITORING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY FOR SETTING PRIORITIES IN CONSERVATION
      • THE GAP ANALYSIS CONCEPT
      • AN UNDERLYING CONCEPT
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 27 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
      • NATURAL HERITAGE DATA CENTERS
      • NETWORKING AND CENTRAL DATA BASES
      • APPLICATIONS OF THE DATA
      • INTERACTIONS WITH SCIENTISTS AND THE PUBLIC
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 28 IDENTIFYING AND PROTECTING THE ORIGINS OF OUR FOOD PLANTS
      • THE INTERNATIONAL BOARD FOR PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES PROGRAM
      • CROP ORIGINS AND GERMPLASM USE
      • EVALUATION OF THE RESOURCES
      • SCIENTIFIC SUPPORT FOR GENETIC RESOURCES WORK
      • EX SITU AND IN SITU PRESERVATION
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 29 CONSERVING AND MONITORING BIOTIC DIVERSITY
      • BIOGEOGRAPHIC SETTING
      • PATTERNS OF SPECIES RICHNESS AND ENDEMISM
      • APPROACHES TO THE CONSERVATION OF BIOTIC DIVERSITY IN AFRICA
      • BIOTIC CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS
      • ASSESSING THE ADEQUACY OF CURRENT PROTECTED AREA COVER
      • IDENTIFYING GAPS IN THE NETWORK
      • MONITORING THE SYSTEM
      • LESSONS LEARNED
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 7 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: HOW CAN THEY HELP?
    • CHAPTER 30 CAN TECHNOLOGY AID SPECIES PRESERVATION?
      • FOUR OBSTACLES TO SPECIES SURVIVAL
      • PROBLEM AND APPLICATION
      • LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
      • NUMBERS VERSUS TECHNOLOGY
      • TECHNOLOGY IS EXPENSIVE
      • BUYING TIME
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 31 CONSERVATION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN BOTANICAL GARDENS
      • METHODS OF EX SITU CONSERVATION
      • THE GENETIC CONSEQUENCES OF EX SITU CONSERVATION
      • SOME PRACTICAL ISSUES
      • WHAT THEN IS THE SPECIFIC ROLE FOR BOTANICAL GARDENS IN CONSERVATION?
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 32 USING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO REESTABLISH SPECIES LOST IN NATURE
      • REINTRODUCTIONS
      • CAPTIVE BREEDING IN WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 33 INTENSIVE TECHNOLOGY IN THE CARE OF EX SITU POPULATIONS OF VANISHING SPECIES
      • SCOPE OF EX SITU MANAGEMENT PROBLEM
      • NUTRITION
      • ANIMAL RESTRAINT AND CAPTURE
      • BIOMEDICAL RESOURCES
      • IDENTIFICATION AND DATA COLLECTION
      • REPRODUCTION
      • POPULATION BIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR GENETICS
      • INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
      • COMPUTER SOFTWARE AND ISIS
      • IN SITU AND EX SITU METHODS
      • ETHICS AND VALUE SYSTEMS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 34 CRYOBIOLOGY, EMBRYO TRANSFER, AND ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION IN EX SITU ANIMAL CONSERVATION PROGRAMS
      • EMBRYO TRANSFER
      • CRYOPRESERVATION OF EMBRYOS
      • ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION
      • SEMEN CRYOPRESERVATION
      • FUTURE PROSPECTS
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 8 RESTORATION ECOLOGY: CAN WE RECOVER LOST GROUND?
    • CHAPTER 35 ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION
      • PIONEERING RESTORATION AT THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN-MADISON ARBORETUM
      • TECHNICAL, ECOLOGICAL FEASIBILITY
      • SOCIAL, ECONOMIC FACTORS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 36 RESTORING DIVERSITY IN SALT MARSHES
      • RESTORATION PLANS
        • Projects That Show Losses in Wetland Area
        • Projects That Replace Functional Wetland Habitat with Modified Wetland Habitat
      • CONCLUSIONS CONCERNING RESTORATION PLANNING
      • IMPLEMENTATION OF RESTORATION PROJECTS
        • Assessing Success
        • Summary of Trials
        • Conclusions Concerning Implementation
      • PROSPECTS FOR THE FUTURE
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 37 RESTORATION OF DEGRADED LANDS IN THE AMAZON BASIN
      • NATURAL DISTURBANCES IN AMAZONIA
      • DISTURBANCE BY HUMANS IN AMAZONIA
      • A ROLE FOR RESTORATION ECOLOGY
        • Seed Dispersal
        • Postdispersal Seed Predation
        • Harsh Environmental Conditions in Pastures
      • RESTORATION ECOLOGY STRATEGIES
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 38 INCREASING DIVERSITY BY RESTORING DAMAGED ECOSYSTEMS
      • EVIDENCE FOR CAUTIOUS OPTIMISM
      • OBSTACLES TO RESTORATION RESEARCH
      • PLANNING TO INCREASE DIVERSITY
      • INTEGRATED RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
      • ESTABLISHMENT OF ECOLOGICAL RESERVES
      • GNOTOBIOTIC ECOSYSTEMS
        • Power Line Right of Ways
        • Hazardous Waste Site Closure
        • Reintroduction of Societal Wastes into the Environment
      • GROUNDWATER DETOXIFICATION
      • PROSPECTS FOR RESTORATION ECOLOGY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 39 RESTORING DIVERSITY
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 9 ALTERNATIVES TO DESTRUCTION
    • CHAPTER 40 ARE THERE ALTERNATIVES TO DESTRUCTION?
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 41 AGROECOLOGY AND IN SITU CONSERVATION OF NATIVE CROP DIVERSITY IN THE THIRD WORLD
      • PEASANT AGRICULTURE AND CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES
      • TOWARD A STRATEGY FOR IN SITU CROP GENETIC CONSERVATION
      • THE FUTURE
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 42 ALTERNATIVES TO DESTRUCTION
      • MANAGEMENT OF THE GREEN IGUANA (IGUANA IGUANA)
      • CAPTIVE BREEDING OF THE PACA (CUNICULUS PACA)
      • FOREST GARDENING
      • MANAGEMENT OF GAME MAMMALS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 43 BIOLOGICAL ENGINEERING FOR SUSTAINABLE BIOMASS PRODUCTION
      • WOOD GRASS
      • CONTOUR HEDGEROWS
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 10 POLICIES TO PROTECT DIVERSITY
    • CHAPTER 44 PRESERVING BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS OF THE ASIAN REGION
      • STATUS OF THE REGION'S CLOSED FORESTS
      • SOLUTIONS TO DEFORESTATION
        • Intensification of Agricultural Productivity
        • Intensification of Forest Productivity and Reforestation
        • Forest Conservation Policies
      • POLICY REFORMS
      • ROLE OF THE DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 45 THE TROPICAL FORESTRY ACTION PLAN
      • REASONS TO BE OPTIMISTIC
      • TROPICAL FORESTRY ACTION PLAN
      • SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS
      • WHAT ARE SOME OF THE SOLUTIONS?
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 46 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE PROTECTION OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
      • THE DEVELOPING COUNTRY
      • HABITAT CONSERVATION—KEY TO THE PROBLEM AND THE SOLUTION
      • THE NEED FOR A SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO CONSERVATION
      • THE OBJECTIVES AND ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
      • FUTURE DIRECTIONS
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 11 PRESENT PROBLEMS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
    • CHAPTER 47 DIVERSE CONSIDERATIONS
      • SPECIES ABUNDANCE
      • LIMITATIONS OF OUR KNOWLEDGE
      • SOCIOLOGICAL ISSUES
      • ECONOMIC PRESSURES
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 48 THE CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN LATIN AMERICA
      • CONSERVATION AWARENESS
      • THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
      • THE POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
      • THE TECHNICAL ENVIRONMENT
      • CONSIDERATIONS FOR SHARED RESPONSIBILITIES
        • Developed Nations
        • International Organizations
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 49 A MAJOR NEW OPPORTUNITY TO FINANCE THE PRESERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY
      • TYPES OF WILDLAND MANAGEMENT COMPONENTS
      • SIGNIFICANCE FOR BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
      • REFERENCES
      • APPENDIX A: THE WORLD BANK'S PROJECT CYCLE
    • CHAPTER 50 AND TODAY WE'RE GOING TO TALK ABOUT BIODIVERSITY…THAT'S RIGHT, BIODIVERSITY
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 51 THE EFFECT OF GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGE ON NATURAL COMMUNITIES
      • FUTURE CLIMATE
      • SPECIES RANGES SHIFT IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE
      • LOCALIZED SPECIES MAY NOT BE ABLE TO COLONIZE NEW HABITAT
      • MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS
      • ACTIONS THAT CAN BE TAKEN
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 12 WAYS OF SEEING THE BIOSPHERE
    • CHAPTER 52 MIND IN THE BIOSPHERE; MIND OF THE BIOSPHERE
      • MOTIVATION
      • REFERENCES
    • CHAPTER 53 A MAMMAL GALLERY
    • CHAPTER 54 COLD WATER SPIRIT
    • CHAPTER 55 A CHRISTIAN VIEW OF BIODIVERSITY
    • CHAPTER 56 THE EARTH AS A LIVING ORGANISM
      • REFERENCES
  • PART 13 EPILOGUE
    • CHAPTER 57 EPILOGUE
  • INDEX

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