This companion to Volume I presents individually authored papers covering the history, economics, and sociology of women's work and the computer revolution. Topics include the implications for equal employment opportunity in light of new technologies; a case study of the insurance industry and of women in computer-related occupations; a study of temporary, part-time, and at-home employment; and education and retraining opportunities.
- Computer Chips and Paper Clips
- Copyright
- CONTENTS
- CONTENTS, VOLUME I
- PREFACE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- PART I OVERVIEW
- Technology, Women, and Work: Policy Perspectives
- THE CHANGING ROLE OF AMERICAN WOMEN
- OBSERVATIONS ON CHANGING TECHNOLOGY
- POLICY PERSPECTIVES
- Framing the Issues
- Are Women Workers at Risk?
- Banking and Finance
- Hospitals and Health Care
- POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Full Employment
- Continued R&D
- Strengthened Education and Retraining
- A National Jobs and Education Program
- Continued EEO Enforcement
- Child Care
- A CONCLUDING NOTE
- References
- PART II CASE STUDIES OF WOMEN WORKERS AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
- The Technological Transformation of White-Collar Work: A Case Study of the Insurance Industry
- THE PACE OF DIFFUSION AND THE NEW IMPLEMENTATIONS
- Underwriting and Claims Support Systems
- Administrative/Clerical, Decision Support, and Agency Systems
- EFFECTS OF AUTOMATION ON THE SIZE AND COMPOSITION OF THE WORK FORCE
- CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF WORK: THE VIEW FROM THE SHOP FLOOR
- WOMEN AND MINORITY WORKERS
- Effects of Automation on the Female Work Force
- Effects of Automation on Minority Workers
- CONCLUSION
- References
- "Machines Instead of Clerks": Technology and the Feminization of Bookkeeping, 1910-1950
- SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT, THE COST ACCOUNTING REVOLUTION, AND THE ACCOUNTANT
- OFFICE MACHINES AND THEIR HISTORY
- MECHANIZATION, FEMINIZATION, AND SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT
- WOMEN OFFICE WORKERS: HOW MANY IN WHAT JOBS?
- STRATIFICATION IN THE OFFICE
- Marital Status, Class, and Race and Ethnicity
- Wages and Clerical Work
- References
- New Technology and Office Tradition: The Not-So-Changing World of the Secretary
- THE NEW TECHNOLOGY AND THE SECRETARY
- PATRIMONY IN TRADITIONAL SECRETARIAL WORK
- Traditional Secretarial Tasks
- Rewards and Career Mobility
- CHANGES IN THE SUPPLY OF WOMEN TO SECRETARIAL JOBS: RISING EXPECTATIONS AND DECLINING SATISFACTION
- THE NEW OFFICE ENVIRONMENT
- Word Processing: The Core Technology
- Secretarial Sharing and Minipools: New Staffing Ratios in the Automated Office
- The Shared Secretary
- The Minipool Secretary
- THE PERSISTENCE OF PATRIMONY IN THE NEW OFFICE
- The New Tasks
- Compensation and Skills
- Other Variables Affecting Change
- Office Size
- Industrial Variation
- Resources and Wealth of Office
- CONCLUSION
- References
- Integrated Circuits/Segregated Labor: Women in Computer-Related Occupations and High-Tech Industries
- COMPUTER-RELATED OCCUPATIONS
- Descriptions of Occupations
- Engineers
- Computer Specialists
- Engineering and Science Technicians
- Computer Operators
- Data-Entry Operators
- Production Workers
- GENDER SEGREGATION
- Computer-Related Occupations
- Gender, Race, and Ethnic Distribution in Four Computer-Related Occupations
- High-Tech Industries
- ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE EARNINGS OF WOMEN AND MEN IN THREE COMPUTER-RELATED OCCUPATIONS
- Uncorrected Earnings Differentials
- Earnings Regressions
- A Closer Look at Earnings and Employment Differences by Industry
- CONCLUSIONS
- References
- APPENDIX A INDUSTRIES WITHIN MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUPS, BY HIGH-TECH AND NON-HIGH-TECH CATEGORIES
- HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY GROUPS (HIGH TECH)
- Durable Manufacturing
- Nondurable Manufacturing
- Business and Repair Services
- NON-HIGH-TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY GROUPS (NON-HIGH-TECH)
- Durable Manufacturing
- Nondurable Manufacturing
- Business and Repair Services
- Agriculture, Forestry, And Fisheries
- Mining
- Construction
- Transportation, Communication, And Public Utilities
- Wholesale Trade
- Retail Trade
- Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate
- Professional and Other Services
- Public Administration
- Appendix B Computer-Related Occupations
- PART III TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS IN WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT
- Women's Employment and Technological Change: A Historical Perspective
- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AND EMPLOYMENT: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
- TRENDS IN FEMALE EMPLOYMENT: 1800 TO 1980
- TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY AND FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
- Technical Change and Female Intensity
- Education and the Changing Employment of Women
- Changes in Work Organization
- Relative Earnings of Females to Males, 1815 to 1982
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- References
- Recent Trends in Clerical Employment: The Impact of Technological Change
- THE GROWTH OF CLERICAL AND FEMALE EMPLOYMENT
- A CLOSER LOOK AT CLERICAL EMPLOYMENT TRENDS
- Employment from 1950 to 1980, Decennial Census Data
- Annual Employment Changes, Current Population Survey Data
- DETERMINANTS OF CLERICAL EMPLOYMENT
- Clerical Employment by Industry
- Technological Change and Clerical Employment Growth
- Decomposition of Clerical Employment Changes
- Conclusion
- A LOOK TOWARD THE FUTURE
- References
- Bibliography
- Restructuring Work: Temporary, Part-Time, and At-Home Employment
- THE TRANSFORMATION OF LABOR MARKETS
- Technology and Internal Labor Markets
- Poised for Contraction
- Implications for Women Workers
- TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT
- Forces Driving the Growth of Temporary Work
- Revenue and Employment Growth
- Implications for Women Workers
- Relationship to New Technology
- PART-TIME WORK
- Trends in Part-Time Employment
- Part-Time Employment in Industries and Occupations Affected by New Technologies
- Hours of Work of Part-Time Employees
- MULTIPLE JOBHOLDING
- AT-HOME WORK
- Distinctions between Clerical and Professional At-Home Work
- Advantages of Teleworking
- The Future of Home Work
- CONCLUSION
- References
- PART IV POLICY PERSPECTIVES
- Employer Policies to Enhance the Application of Office System Technology to Clerical Work
- SCOPE AND FOCUS
- OFFICE AUTOMATION AND WOMEN'S ISSUES—EVIDENCE FROM CASE STUDIES
- Varied Application
- Importance of Overall Human Resource Policy
- Significant Differences Among Women
- Positive Perceptions of Office Automation
- Problems of Office Technology Implementation
- Job Reorganization
- Women's Labor-Force Experience
- Role of Popular Opinion and Activism
- Variations at the Job-Type Level
- Managerial Responses to Women's Issues
- Phases in Office Automation Implementation
- GOOD MANAGEMENT POLICIES AFFECTING CLERICAL WORKERS: THE GRAPHIC—A REPRESENTATIVE EXAMPLE
- ELEMENTS OF GOOD USER PRACTICE
- A Checklist of Good User Policies
- Job Satisfaction among Women Clericals at The Graphic
- EXPLOITIVE OR DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT OF WOMEN CLERICALS
- THE CENTRAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT PHILOSOPHY: "GREAT NORTHERN" AND "NATIONAL SERVICES"
- Two Companies, Two Pathways
- RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS
- THE FUTURE OF GOOD USER POLICIES
- References
- New Office and Business Technologies: The Structure of Education and (Re)Training Opportunities
- THE IMPORTANCE OF TRAINING FOR WOMEN
- EMPLOYER-PROVIDED EDUCATION AND (RE)TRAINING PROGRAMS
- In-House Programs
- Contracts with Postsecondary Educational Institutions
- Tuition Assistance Programs
- Union-Negotiated (Re)Training Programs
- Summary
- EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
- Noncollegiate Postsecondary Schools
- Two-Year Colleges
- Four-Year Colleges and Universities
- Professional Associations
- GOVERNMENT AGENCIES
- Public School Systems
- Local Community Programs
- Federal Employment and Training Programs
- IN SEARCH OF TECHNOLOGICAL TRAINING EQUITY
- Information Gaps
- Education Policy
- Employer Responsibilities
- A Continuing Educational System
- References
- The New Technology and the New Economy: Some Implications for Equal Employment Opportunity
- TECHNOLOGY AND DISCRIMINATION: EVIDENCE FROM AGGREGATE DATA FOR 1970-1980
- THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY AND CHANGES IN THE DEMAND FOR LABOR
- The Rise of the New Service Economy and its Impact on the Industry-Occupation Structure
- The Early Years of EEO: Opening Internal Labor Markets to Women and Minority Workers
- The Postwar Expansion of Schooling and Higher Education and its Impact on Hiring Requirements and Mobility Ladders
- The Impact of the New Technology on Skill Requirements and the Acceleration of Changes in Hiring and Mobility Opportunities
- Technological Change and Increasing Institutional and Geographical Mobility
- THE SHIFTING NATURE OF DISCRIMINATION
- The Reorganization of Back-Office Employment
- The Transformation of Retail Employment
- POLICY IMPLICATIONS
- References
- Managing Technological Change: Responses of Government, Employers, and Trade Unions in Western Europe and Canada
- NEW TECHNOLOGY IN THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CLIMATE
- THE MANAGEMENT OF TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
- The Role of Governments
- The Role of Employers and Trade Unions
- POLICY ISSUES
- Job Design
- Changing Locations and Changing Hours of Work
- Part-Time Work and Job Sharing
- Reductions in the Length of People's Working Lives
- Longer Leisure Blocks and Redistribution of Working Time
- Reductions in Working Time for Everyone
- Training and Education
- Government, Employer, and Union Responsibilities for Training and Education
- Public Awareness
- Schools
- Vocational Training
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Biographical Sketches of Contributors
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