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Behavioral and Social Science

Behavioral and Social Science

50 Years of Discovery

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309035880
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309542418
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1986
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 311
  • Language: English

In 1933, President Herbert Hoover commissioned the "Ogburn Report," a comprehensive study of social trends in the United States. Fifty years later, a symposium of noted social and behavioral scientists marked the report's anniversary with a book of their own from the Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. The 10 chapters presented here relate the developments detailed in the "Ogburn Report" to modern social trends. This book discusses recent major strides in the social and behavioral sciences, including sociology, psychology, anthropology, economics, and linguistics.

  • Behavioral and Social Science Fifty Years of Discovery
  • Copyright
  • PREFACE
  • Contents
  • INTRODUCTION
    • UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL CHANGE
    • NUMBERS AND DECISIONMAKING
    • DISCOVERING THE MIND AT WORK
    • CONCLUSION
    • REFERENCES
  • UNDERSTANDING SOCIAL CHANGE
    • The Ogburn Vision Fifty Years Later
      • READING THE OGBURN COMMITTEE REPORT TODAY
      • THE OGBURN VISION OF SOCIAL PROCESS
      • SOCIAL CHANGE
      • SOCIAL PROBLEMS
      • DOCUMENTATION BY OBJECTIVE FACTS
      • SOCIAL INVENTION
      • APPLICATION BY POLICY CHANGE
      • SOCIAL AMELIORATION
      • A CONCLUDING NOTE
      • References
    • Measuring Social Change
      • INTRODUCTION
      • SOCIAL INVENTIONS
        • Major Social Inventions and Their Consequences
          • Human Testing
          • Sample Surveys
        • Reduction of Cultural Lags
          • Statistics and Quality Control
          • Cohort Analysis
      • CONSEQUENCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE FOR MEASURES AND MEASUREMENT
        • Concepts and Measures as Products of Social Life
          • Social Change and the Organization of Ways of Knowing
          • The Paradox of Method
        • Consequences of Institutionalizing Measures of Changes
        • Some Consequences of the Organization of Statistical Indicators
      • THE CONCEPTUALIZATION AND MEASUREMENT OF SOCIAL CHANGE
        • Individualistic Biases in Studying Social Change
        • Lags in Measuring Social Change
        • Need for an National Statistical System
      • A SUMMING UP
      • References
    • Uncertainty, Diversity, and Organizational Change
      • CENTRALITY OF ORGANIZATIONAL PROCESSES IN LARGE-SCALE SOCIAL CHANGE
        • Rational and Natural System Perspectives
        • Perspectives On Organizational Change
        • An Ecological-Evolutionary Approach
        • Organizational Diversity
      • NICHE THEORY
      • INSTITUTIONAL ISOMORPHISM
      • DISCUSSION
    • Macroeconomic Modeling and Forecasting
      • ORIGINS OF THE SUBJECT
      • A PERIOD OF EXPANSION
      • CONTRIBUTION TO THOUGHT
      • SOME NEW LINES OF DEVELOPMENT
      • References
  • NUMBERS AND DECISIONMAKING
    • Public Statistics and Democratic Politics
      • DEMOCRATIC ACCOUNTABILITY
      • REPRESENTATION OF DIVERSE INTERESTS
      • CONCLUSIONS
      • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
      • References
    • Deterrence in Criminology and Social Policy
      • INTRODUCTION
      • TWO FUNDAMENTAL PERSPECTIVES ON CRIMINAL CONDUCT
      • STREET CRIMES
        • Certainty of Punishment
        • Severity of Punishment
          • The Death Penalty
          • Other Punishments
        • Summary
      • DRUNK DRIVING
        • Certainty of Punishment
          • Scandinavian-Type Laws
          • Enforcement Crackdowns
        • Severity of Punishment
          • Statutory Changes
          • Judicial Crackdowns
        • Summary
      • RESEARCH AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
        • The Continued Reliance On Deterrence
        • The Prospect For Increased Certainty
        • Alternatives To Deterrence
      • References
    • Choices, Values, and Frames
      • RISKY CHOICE
        • Framing of Outcomes
        • The Psychophysics of Chances
        • Formulation Effects
      • TRANSACTIONS AND TRADES
        • Losses and Costs
      • CONCLUDING REMARKS
      • References
  • DISCOVERING THE MIND AT WORK
    • Changing Views of Cognitive Competence in the Young
      • THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
      • STUDYING INFANT KNOWLEDGE
        • Early Knowledge of Objects
        • Abstract Concepts
        • Summary
      • PRESCHOOL THOUGHT
        • Principles About Numbers, Causes, and Objects
          • Number
          • Causality
          • Objects
        • Making Plans and Strategies
          • Strategies for Remembering
          • Theory-building
        • Summary
      • THE TRANSITION TO FORMAL SCHOOLING
        • Incomplete Knowledge
        • The Expansion of Strategic Powers
        • Formal and Informal Teaching
        • Learned Academic Helplessness
        • Reawakening the Active Learner
        • Summary
      • CONCLUSION
      • References
    • Some Developments in Research On Language Behavior
      • INTRODUCTION
        • The Structure of Language
        • Three Areas of Applied Research in Language
      • THE GENERATIVE REVOLUTION IN LINGUISTICS
        • Acoustic Phonetics
      • AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE
      • BRAIN SPECIALIZATION FOR LANGUAGE
        • Evidence from Studies of Aphasia
        • Evidence from Split-Brain Studies
        • Evidence From Studies of Asl "Aphasia"
      • LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
      • CONCLUSION
      • References
    • Visual Perception of Real and Represented Objects and Events
      • INTRODUCTION
      • THE PRE-1850S: ARTISTS, PHILOSOPHERS, AND PHYSICISTS
      • PSYCHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY FROM 1850-1950
      • THE 1950S AND AFTER: "DIRECT" SENSITIVITY TO OBJECT ATTRIBUTES
        • The Evidence For Perceptual Rules Rather Than Lookup Tables
          • The Doctrine That Event Perception Is Both Fundamental and Veridical
      • COMPUTERS AND PERCEPTUAL PSYCHOLOGY
        • Obtaining Data
        • Modeling Theories and Explanations
        • Embodying Perceptual Functions
        • The Computer As An Analogy To Perception
        • Computer Science in Perceptual Psychology Research
        • Why Models of Human Perception Are Needed
      • MENTAL STRUCTURE IN OBJECT PERCEPTION AND REPRESENTATION
      • References

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