Even though women have made substantial progress in a number of formerly male occupations, sex segregation in the workplace remains a fact of life. This volume probes pertinent questions: Why has the overall degree of sex segregation remained stable in this century? What informal barriers keep it in place? How do socialization and educational practices affect career choices and hiring patterns? How do family responsibilities affect women's work attitudes? And how effective is legislation in lessening the gap between the sexes? Amply supplemented with tables, figures, and insightful examination of trends and research, this volume is a definitive source for what is known today about sex segregation on the job.
- Women's Work, Men's Work
- Copyright
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1 The Significance of Sex Segregation in the Workplace
- WOMEN IN THE LABOR MARKET
- Women's Participation in the Labor Force
- Women's Earnings
- SEX SEGREGATION IN THE WORKPLACE
- THE CONSEQUENCES OF SEX SEGREGATION IN EMPLOYMENT
- Wage Consequences
- Occupational Segregation and Wage Disparity
- Job Segregation and Wage Disparity
- Segregation Across Firms
- Segregation Within Firms
- Other Consequences of Sex Segregation
- Retirement Income
- Susceptibility to Unemployment
- On-the-Job Training
- Occupational and Status Mobility
- Occupational Prestige
- Job Stress
- Power and Work Within the Family
- CONCLUSION
- 2 Sex Segregation: Extent and Recent Trends
- CURRENT EXTENT OF SEX SEGREGATION
- RECENT TRENDS IN OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION
- Changes in Sex Segregation Among Population Subgroups
- Changes in Sex Segregation Among Occupational Subgroups
- Is Resegregation Occurring?
- OCCUPATIONAL SEX SEGREGATION PROJECTED THROUGH 1990
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
- 3 Explaining Sex Segregation in the Workplace
- CULTURAL BELIEFS ABOUT GENDER AND WORK
- Women's Role in the Home
- Male-Female Relationships
- Innate Differences Between the Sexes
- Sex Stereotypes and Occupational Segregation
- Statistical Discrimination
- Sex Labeling and Sex Typing
- Contingent Stereotypes
- BARRIERS TO EMPLOYMENT
- Legal Barriers
- Discriminatory Acts and Behavior
- Institutionalized Barriers in the Workplace
- Informal Barriers in the Workplace
- Conclusion
- SOCIALIZATION AND EDUCATION
- Sex-Role Socialization
- Education
- Vocational Education
- Conclusion
- FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
- Human Capital Theory
- Child Care and Occupational Segregation
- Conclusion
- THE OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE AND SEX SEGREGATION
- CONCLUSION
- 4 Reducing Sex Segregation in the Workplace
- INTERVENTIONS DIRECTED AT THE WORKPLACE
- Laws, Regulations, and Enforcement Efforts
- Title VII and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
- Executive Order 11246 and the Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs
- Construction Contractors
- Federal Employees
- Conclusion
- The Effectiveness of Enforcement
- Evidence from Case Studies
- Evidence from Statistical Studies
- Conclusion
- Efforts by Employers to Reduce Sex Segregation
- INTERVENTIONS DIRECTED AT JOB TRAINING AND VOCATIONAL AND GENERAL EDUCATION
- Apprenticeship Programs
- Federal Job Training Programs
- The Work Incentive Program
- The Comprehensive Employment and Training Act
- Vocational Education
- Laws, Regulations, and Enforcement Efforts
- Changes in the Sex-Typing of Vocational Education
- Students in Sex-Atypical Programs
- Conclusion
- General Education
- Laws, Regulations, and Enforcement Efforts
- Exemplary Programs
- Conclusion
- INTERVENTIONS TO ACCOMMODATE FAMILY RESPONSIBILITIES
- Child Care
- Flexible Work Scheduling
- CONCLUSION
- 5 Findings and Recommendations
- SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
- Measuring Sex Segregation
- Explaining Sex Segregation
- Cultural Beliefs
- Barriers
- Socialization, Education, and Training
- Family Responsibilities
- Opportunities
- Reducing Sex Segregation
- Interventions in the Workplace
- Interventions in Job Training
- Interventions in Education
- Conclusion
- POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
- Recommendations for Enforcement Agencies Regarding Employment
- Compliance and Enforcement
- Research and Evaluation
- Recommendations for Employers
- Recommendations for Education and Employment Training
- Recommendations Concerning Family Responsibilities
- DATA AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- Data Collection
- Establishment-Level Data
- Longitudinal Data on Individuals
- Data to Assess the Effectiveness of Laws
- Data on Race and Ethnicity
- Data From Workplace Studies
- Measurement
- Research
- References
- Appendix A Contents, Sex Segregation in the Workplace
- EXTENT, TRENDS, AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE
- EXPLAINING SEGREGATION: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES AND EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE
- REDUCING SEGREGATION: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF INTERVENTIONS
- Appendix B Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
- Index
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