Drinking Water and Health,

Volume 4

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309031981
eISBN Pdf: 9780309554244
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1982
Month: January
Pages: 312
Language: English

Drinking Water and Health
Copyright
Preface
Contents
I Executive Summary
- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
  - Chemical Effects and Water Quality
  - Corrosion
  - Leaching
  - Deposits
  - Water Treatment Chemicals
  - Pipes and Linings
  - Biological Effects and Water Quality
  - Implications For Human Health
- TOXICITY OF SELECTED CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN DRINKING WATER
II Elements of Public Water Supplies
- SOURCE
- RAW WATER QUALITY AND TREATMENT
- DISTRIBUTION OF WATER
- APPROACH TO THE STUDY
- REFERENCES
III Chemical Quality of Water in the Distribution System
- CHEMICAL WATER QUALITY INDEXES
  - Langelier Index
  - Aggressiveness Index
  - Saturation Index
- CORROSION
  - The Corrosion Process
  - Biologically Mediated Corrosion
  - The Effect of Water Quality on Corrosion
  - Corrosion Inhibitors
  - Pips and Linings
  - Monitoring and Evaluating Corrosion and Its Control
  - Field Studies of Metallic Corrosion in Distribution Systems
  - Summary and Conclusions
- LEACHING
  - Asbestos-Cement Pipe
    - Use of Asbestos-Cement Pipe
    - Composition of A/C Pipe
    - Effect of Water Quality on Pipe Performance
    - Laboratory Tests
    - Field Tests
    - Control of A/C Pipe Deterioration
    - Summary and Conclusions
  - Plastic Pipe
    - Use of Plastic Pipe
    - Composition of Plastic Pipe
    - Plastic Pipe and Water Quality
    - Laboratory Tests
    - Field Tests
    - Control Measures
    - Summary and Conclusions
  - Lining Materials
    - Coal Tar
    - Asphalt
    - Other Materials
    - Release of Lining Materials into Distribution System
    - Laboratory Tests
    - Field Tests
    - Summary and Conclusions
  - Deposits and Their Effects
    - Approaches to Iron and Manganese Control
    - Stabilizing Agents
    - Summary and Conclusions
  - Reactions Involving Water Treatment Chemicals in the Distribution System
    - Summary And Conclusions
- REFERENCES
IV Biological Quality of Water in the Distribution System
- BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL IN WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
  - Biofilms
    - Biofilm Formation
    - Properties and Composition
    - Physical Properties
    - Chemical Properties
    - Biological Properties
    - Effect of Biofilms on Fluid Frictional Resistance
    - Dispersed Growth
- SOURCES OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
  - Raw Water
  - Reservoir
  - Pipe Network
  - Construction and Repair
  - Cross-Connections
- CONTROL OF BIOLOGICAL CONTAMINATION
  - Transport of Chlorine
    - Water Phase
    - Biofilm
    - Dispersed Growth
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
V Health Implications of Distribution System Deficiencies
- DEFINITIONS
- ORIGINS OF WATERBORNE DISEASES
- INTERPRETATION OF DATA
- OUTBREAKS
  - Sewickley, Pennsylvania
  - Suffolk County, New York
  - Chattanooga, Tennessee
  - Los Lunas, New Mexico
  - Pierce County, Washington
- HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
VI Toxicity of Selected Inorganic Contaminants in Drinking Water
- SELECTION OF CONTAMINANTS
- ACUTE AND CHRONIC EXPOSURE
  - Aluminum (Al)
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Arsenic (As)
  - Barium (Ba)
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Cadmium (Cd)
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Chlorinated Disinfectants:
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Lead (Pb)
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Silver (Ag)
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Strontium (Sr)
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Sulfate (SO4)
- REFERENCES
VII Toxicity of Selected Organic Contaminants in Drinking Water
- ACETONITRILE (CH3CN)
  - Metabolism
  - Health Aspects
    - Observations in Humans
    - Observations in Other Species
      - Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity
  - Conclusions and Recommendations
    - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
      - 24-Hour Exposure
      - Chronic Exposure
  - Chloroform (CHCl3)
    - Health Effects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (C3H5Br2Cl)
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Reproductive and Fertility Studies
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Dimethylformamide [HCON(CH3)2]
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Reproductive Effects and Teratogenicity
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Nitrobenzene (C6H5N02)
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
      - Reproduction and Teratogenicity
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Nitrophenols (C6H5NO3OH)
    - Metabolism
      - Mononitrophenols
      - Dinitrophenols
      - Trinitrophenols
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Petroleum Products (Crude and Refined)
    - Health Aspects
    - Metabolism
      - Benzene
      - Toluene
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - 2,4,6-Trichlorophmol (C6H3C13O)
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
      - Suggested No-Adverse-Response Level (SNARL)
  - References
Index

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Drinking Water and Health,

Volume 4

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