Drinking Water and Health,

Volume 3

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309029322
eISBN Pdf: 9780309554091
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1980
Month: January
Pages: 428
Language: English

Drinking Water and Health Volume 3
Copyright
Contents
Preface
- REFERENCES
I Executive Summary
- EPIDEMIOLOGY
- RISK ESTIMATION
- TOXICOLOGY
- NUTRITION
- REFERENCE
II Epidemiological Studies
- CANCER FREQUENCY AND CERTAIN ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS OF DRINKING WATER
  - Summary and Conclusions
- STUDIES BASED ON INDIRECT MEASURES OF WATER QUALITY
  - Mississippi River-Louisiana, First Study
  - Mississippi River-Louisiana, Second Study
  - Ohio River Area, First Study
  - Ohio River Area, Second Study
  - Upstate New York
  - Washington County, Maryland
  - Los Angeles County
  - Ohio River, Third Study
  - Pittsburgh Study
  - New Jersey Study
  - Summary
- STUDIES BASED ON TRIHALOMETHANE CONCENTRATIONS
  - Prospects for Further Epidemiological Study
  - References
- WATER HARDNESS AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
  - The Present Status of Knowledge
  - Recommendations for Alteration of Current Practices
  - Recommendations for Future Research Priorities
  - References
III Problems of Risk Estimation
- ACUTE EXPOSURE
- QUANTITATIVE EXTRAPOLATION OF TOXICITY FROM LABORATORY ANIMALS TO HUMANS
- CHRONIC EXPOSURE
  - Acceptable Daily Intake
- MODELS FOR LOW DOSE CARCINOGENIC RISK ESTIMATION
  - Dichotomous Response Models
  - Linear, No-Threshold Model
  - Tolerance Distribution Models
  - Logistic Models
  - ''Hitness" Models
  - Models of Time to Tumor Occurrence
- PHARMACOKINETIC CONSIDERATIONS
  - Dose Effects
  - Species Considerations
- INTERACTION IN RISK ESTIMATION
  - Theoretical Models for the Joint Actions of Two or More Agents
  - Epidemiological Risk Assessment
  - Reliability of Quantitative Risk Estimates
- CONCLUSION AND SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
IV Toxicity of Selected Drinking Water Contaminants
- CHEMICALS EVALUATED
- ACUTE EXPOSURES
- CHRONIC EXPOSURES
- CHEMICALS SELECTED BY EPA
  - Acrylonitrile
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Antimony
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Benzene
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Benzene Hexachloride and Lindane
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Bis(2-Chloroethyl)ether
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Bis(2-Chloropropyl)ether
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Cadmium
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Carbon Tetrachloride
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Ethylene Dibromide (1,2-Dibromoethane)
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Dichlorodifluoromethane
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - 1,2-Dichloroethane
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Humans
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Epichlorohydrin
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Methylene Chloride
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Polychlorinated Biphenyls
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Tetrachloroethylene
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Thorium
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - 1,1,1-Trichloroethane
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Trichloroethylene
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Trichlorofluoromethane
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Toluene
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Uranium
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Xylenes
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
- CHEMICALS SELECTED BY THE CHEMISTRY SUBCOMMITTEE
  - Bromine/Bromide/Bromate
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Bromodichloromethane
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Bromoform
    - Health Aspects
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Catechol
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Chlorine Dioxide, Chlorite, Chlorate, Chloramines
  - Chlorine Dioxide
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Chlorite
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Chlorate
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Chloramines
    - Health Aspects
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Chloramino Acids
    - Health Aspects
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
    - Recommendations
  - Chloroform
    - Health Aspects
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Dibromochloromethane
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - 2,4-Dichlorophenol
    - Health Aspects
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Glyoxylic Acid, Glyoxal, and Methyl Glyoxal
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Hexachlorobenzene
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Iodine/Iodide/Iodate
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Nonanal
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Octanal
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
  - Resorcinol
    - Metabolism
    - Health Aspects
      - Observations in Other Species
    - Conclusions and Recommendations
- REFERENCES
V The Contribution of Drinking Water to Mineral Nutrition in Humans
- GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS OF MINERAL INTAKE FROM WATER
- CALCIUM
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Deficiency
    - Toxicity
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Calcium Nutrition
  - Conclusions
- MAGNESIUM
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Deficiency
    - Toxicity
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Magnesium Nutrition
  - Conclusions
- PHOSPHORUS
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Deficiency
    - Toxicity
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Phosphorus Nutrition
  - Conclusions
- FLUORIDE
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Deficiency
    - Toxicity
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Fluoride Nutrition
  - Recommendations and Conclusions
- SODIUM
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Acute Toxicity
    - Chronic Toxicity
    - Deficiency
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Water to Sodium Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Recommendations
- POTASSIUM
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Deficiency
    - Toxicity
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Potassium Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendation
- CHLORIDE
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
    - Imbalance and Depletion
    - Toxicity
    - Effects of Chloride Loading
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Water to Chloride Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendations
- IODINE
  - Presence in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Iodine Nutrition
    - Contribution of Drinking Water to Iodine Requirements
    - Contribution of Drinking Water to Total Intake
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendations
- IRON
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Iron Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendations
- COPPER
  - Occurrence of Copper in Food and Water
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions and Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Copper Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendations
- ZINC
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interaction and Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Zinc Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendation
- SELENIUM
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Selenium Nutrition
  - Research Recommendations
- MANGANESE
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Manganese Nutrition
  - Research Recommendations
- ARSENIC
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Arsenic Nutrition
  - Conclusions
  - Research Recommendations
- NICKEL
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Nickel Nutrition
  - Conclusions
- VANADIUM
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Vanadium Nutrition
  - Conclusions
- SILICON
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Requirements for Nutrition
  - Interactions
  - Conclusions and Recommendations
- MOLYBDENUM
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Contribution of Drinking Water to Molybdenum Nutrition
  - Conclusions and Recommendations
- CHROMIUM
  - Presence in Food, Water, and Air
  - Distribution in Tissues
  - Requirements
  - Toxicity Versus Essential Levels
  - Interactions
  - Bioavailability
  - Contribution of Water to Chromium Nutrition
  - Conclusions and Recommendations
- SUMMARY
- CONCLUSIONS
- RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
Appendix
Index

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Drinking Water and Health,

Volume 3

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