Bereavement

Reactions, Consequences, and Care

Editor: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309034388
eISBN Pdf: 9780309541237
Lloc de publicació: United States
Any de publicació digital: 1984
Mes: Gener
Pàgines: 321
Idioma: Anglés

Descripció

"The book is well organized, well detailed, and well referenced; it is an invaluable sourcebook for researchers and clinicians working in the area of bereavement. For those with limited knowledge about bereavement, this volume provides an excellent introduction to the field and should be of use to students as well as to professionals," states Contemporary Psychology. The Lancet comments that this book "makes good and compelling reading....It was mandated to address three questions: what is known about the health consequences of bereavement; what further research would be important and promising; and whether there are preventive interventions that should either be widely adopted or further tested to evaluate their efficacy. The writers have fulfilled this mandate well."

Bereavement
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Contents
Introduction
- CHAPTER 1 Introduction
  - MANDATE AND PROCESS OF THE STUDY
  - REPORT OVERVIEW
  - BEREAVEMENT AND STRESS THEORY
  - DEFINITIONS
  - REFERENCES
  - FOOTNOTE
Epidemiologic Perspectives on the Health Consequences of Bereavement
- CHAPTER 2 Epidemiologic Perspectives on the Health Consequences of Bereavement
  - THE QUESTION OF OUTCOMES
  - THE CONSTELLATION OF DISTRESS AND GRIEF
  - ADVERSE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF BEREAVEMENT
    - Mortality
    - Morbidity and Health Care Utilization
    - Possible Consequences Beyond the First Year
  - RISK FACTORS
    - Characteristics of Bereaved Individuals
    - Relationship to the Deceased
    - Nature of the Death
    - Risk Factors Appearing After the Death
  - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - REFERENCES
Adults' Reactions to Bereavement
- CHAPTER 3 Adults' Reactions to Bereavement
  - THE PHENOMENOLOGY OF GRIEF
    - Changes in Emotions and Thought Processes
    - Behavioral Changes
    - Interpersonal and Social Changes
    - Physical Complaints
  - THE END OF THE BEREAVEMENT PROCESS
    - Favorable Outcomes
    - Pathological Outcomes
  - EXPLANATORY MODELS OF THE BEREAVEMENT PROCESS
    - Classical Psychoanalytic Theory
    - Current Psychodynamic Perspectives
    - Interpersonal and Attachment Theory Models
    - Crisis Theory
    - Cognitive and Behavioral Theories
  - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - REFERENCES
Reactions to Particular Types of Bereavement
- CHAPTER 4 Reactions to Particular Types of Bereavement
  - DEATH OF A SPOUSE
  - DEATH OF A CHILD
    - Stillbirths
  - PERINATAL DEATH
    - Sudden Infant Death
    - The Death of an Older Child
    - Problems in Grieving for a Child
  - DEATH OF A PARENT DURING ADULT LIFE
  - DEATH OF A SIBLING DURING ADULT LIFE
  - BEREAVEMENT FOLLOWING SUICIDE
    - The Social Stigma of Suicide
    - Assisting Survivors of Suicide
    - Research Issues
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - REFERENCES
Bereavement During Childhood and Adolescence
- CHAPTER 5 Bereavement During Childhood and Adolescence
  - DEVELOPMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
  - METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
  - OUTCOMES OF CHILDHOOD BEREAVEMENT
    - Immediate Reactions
    - Intermediate Effects
    - Long-Term (Delayed) Effects
    - Conclusions About Outcomes
  - THE GRIEVING PROCESS IN CHILDREN
    - Shifts in Self-Concepts Following Bereavement
    - The Role of Identification in Grieving
    - Common Thoughts, Concerns, and Fantasies
    - Common Defensive Strategies
    - Conclusions About the Grieving Process
  - VARIABLES AFFECTING PROCESSES AND OUTCOMES
    - Child's Age, Developmental Stage, and Emotional Stability at the Time of Bereavement
    - Quality of Preexisting Relationship with the Deceased
    - Sex of Deceased Parent and Bereaved Child
    - Quality of the Child's Support System
    - Remarriage of the Surviving Parent
    - Cultural Background
    - Circumstances of the Death
    - Summary of Risk Factors in Childhood Bereavement
  - INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
    - Anticipating Parental Death
    - Helping Parents to Help Their Children
    - Talking to Children About a Family Member's Death
    - Attending the Funeral
    - Anniversary Reactions: A Normal Long-Term Consequence
    - When to Seek Professional Help
    - Conclusions About Interventions
  - RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
  - REFERENCES
Toward a Biology of Grieving
- CHAPTER 6 Toward a Biology of Grieving
  - ANIMAL MODELS
  - BIOLOGIC STUDIES OF BEREAVED HUMAN BEINGS
  - PROMISING RESEARCH APPROACHES
    - Clues from the Symptomatology of Bereavement
    - Clues from the Epidemiology of Bereavement
    - Clues from the Endocrinology and Biochemistry of Depression and Anxiety States
    - Clues from Current Knowledge of Neuroregulatory Mechanisms
  - GRIEF AS AN ADAPTATION IN A "PSYCHONEUROIMMUNOENDOCRINE SYSTEM"
  - CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORKS
    - Bereavement as a Stressor
    - Social Relationships as Biological Regulators
    - Grief and Depression on a Neurobiological Continuum
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - REFERENCES
Monkeys' Responses to Separation and Loss
- CHAPTER 7 Monkeys' Responses to Separation and Loss
  - VARIATIONS IN THE RESPONSE TO LOSS
  - PHASES OF REACTION TO LOSS
    - The "Protest" Phase
    - Despair/Depression Phase
    - Detachment Phase
  - PRESEPARATION INFLUENCES
    - The Nature of the Attachment Bond
    - Artificial Mother Surrogates
    - Response of Older Subjects to Loss
  - EFFECTS OF THE SEPARATION ENVIRONMENT
    - Social Environment
    - Physical Environment
    - Suggestions from the Environmental Data
  - RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS
  - REFERENCES
Sociocultural Influences
- CHAPTER 8 Sociocultural Influences
  - THE SOCIETAL CONTEXT
    - Social Support
  - THE CULTURAL BACKDROP
    - Mourning Rituals
  - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - REFERENCES
Roles of Health Professionals and Institutions
- CHAPTER 9 Roles of Health Professionals and Institutions
  - ROLES DURING THE DYING PERIOD
  - PRACTICES AROUND THE TIME OF DEATH
    - The Special Problems of Sudden Death
    - Autopsy Requests
  - CONTINUING RESPONSIBILITIES OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS AND INSTITUTIONS
  - ENHANCING THE WORK OF HEALTH PROFESSIONALS
    - Institutional Support
    - Education of Health Professionals
  - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - REFERENCES
Bereavement Intervention Programs
- CHAPTER 10 Bereavement Intervention Programs
  - THE MUTUAL SUPPORT APPROACH
    - The Widow-to-Widow Model
    - Efficacy of the Mutual Support Approach
  - HOSPICES
    - The Impact of Hospice Bereavement Programs
  - PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTIONS FOR THE BEREAVED
    - The Impact of Psychotherapy with the Bereaved
  - THE ROLE OF MEDICATIONS
    - Anti-Anxiety Drugs
    - Hypnotics
    - Antidepressants
    - Theoretical Issues
    - Recommendations for Clinical Practice
    - Recommendations for Research
  - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
    - Should All Bereaved People Be in an Intervention Program?
    - Which Programs Are Appropriate for Whom ? And When?
    - How Effective Are the Various Interventions?
    - Recommendations for Future Preventive Intervention Research
  - REFERENCES
Conclusions and Recommendations
- CHAPTER 11 Conclusions and Recommendations
  - WHAT CAN BE CONCLUDED FROM AVAILABLE RESEARCH EVIDENCE ABOUT THE HEALTH CONSEQUENCES OF BEREAVEMENT?
  - ARE THERE PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS THAT SHOULD BE MORE WIDELY ADOPTED IN THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM?
    - Practice Recommendations
    - Public Education
  - WHAT FURTHER RESEARCH WOULD BE ESPECIALLY PROMISING TO PURSUE?
    - Research on the Processes and Outcomes of Bereavement
    - Research on Intervention Strategies
Subject Index