With an increasing population, use of new and diverse chemicals that can enter the water supply, and emergence of new microbial pathogens, the U.S. federal government is faced with a regulatory dilemma: Where should it focus its attention and limited resources to ensure safe drinking water supplies for the future?
Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants is based on a 1998 workshop on emerging drinking water contaminants. It includes a dozen papers that were presented on new and emerging microbiological and chemical drinking water contaminants, associated analytical and water treatment methods for their detection and removal, and existing and proposed environmental databases to assist in their proactive identification and regulation.
The papers are preceded by a conceptual approach and related recommendations to EPA for the periodic creation of future Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate Lists (CCLs—produced every five years—include currently unregulated chemical and microbiological substances that are known or anticipated to occur in public water systems and that may pose health risks).
- Identifying Future Drinking Water Contaminants
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- Committee Report A Conceptual Approach for the Development of Future Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List
- LIMITATIONS OF THE FIRST CCL DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
- IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING CONTAMINANTS FOR FUTURE CCLS
- A Broad Approach
- Culling the Universe to Create a PCCL
- Generating the CCL from the PCCL
- Characteristics of an Ideal Prioritization Tool
- Review of Existing Hazard Ranking Approaches
- Cadmus Risk Index Approach
- Interagency Testing Committee Approach
- Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- 1 Historical Overview of Drinking Water Contaminants and Public Water Utilities
- LONDON, NINETEENTH CENTURY
- UNITED STATES, TWENTIETH CENTURY
- THE CHEMICAL REVOLUTION
- THE MICROBIAL REVIVAL
- RETURN OF TRACE CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS
- THE CHALLENGE
- REFERENCES
- 2 Emerging Drinking Water Contaminants: Overview and Role of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program
- NAWQA DESIGN
- Overview of Study-Unit Investigations
- Sampling Design for Surface Water and Groundwater
- Rivers and Streams
- Groundwater
- Selection of Target Analytes
- Identification of Emerging Contaminants
- SELECTED FINDINGS
- Individual Study Units
- National Synthesis: Pesticides in Surface Water and Groundwater
- VOCs in Ground Water
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 3 CDC Perspective on Emerging Chemical Contaminants in Drinking Water
- CDC'S EXPERTISE
- Epidemiology
- Biomonitoring
- Surveillance
- PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH
- CURRENT NCEH ACTIVITIES WITH EMERGING CONTAMINANTS
- MTBE
- DBPS
- Endocrine Disrupters
- CAFO Issues
- Infrastructure Issues
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Past and Future Strategies for Sorting and Ranking Chemicals: Applications to the 1998 Drinking Water Contaminant…
- EPA'S RESPONSIBILITIES
- COMMITTEE ON DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS
- PAST TECHNIQUES FOR PRIORITIZING CHEMICALS
- Techniques Reviewed by the Committee on Drinking Water Contaminants
- Schemes to Prioritize Drinking Water Contaminants
- Schemes to Prioritize All Contaminants
- Schemes to Prioritize Contaminants for Specific Media
- Other Techniques
- FUTURE PROCEDURES FOR SORTING AND RANKING CHEMICALS
- 1998 DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANT CANDIDATE LIST
- TSCA Interagency Testing Committee (ITC)
- ITC Decisions for the 1998 CCL Chemicals
- TSCA Section 4 and 8(d) Studies Indexed in the TSCA Test Submissions (TSCATS) Database
- Uses and Substructure-Based Computerized Chemical Selection Expert System (SuCCSES) Chemical Classes for the 1998 CCL…
- Log Octanol Water Partition Coefficient (log Kow) Values, Soil or Sediment Sorption Coefficient (Koc) Values, and Henry's…
- APPLICATION OF PAST CHEMICAL SORTING TECHNIQUES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS
- APPLICATION OF PAST CHEMICAL RANKING TECHNIQUES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS
- Exposure Scores
- Effects Scores
- APPLICATION OF FUTURE CHEMICAL SORTING PROCEDURES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS
- APPLICATION OF FUTURE CHEMICAL RANKING PROCEDURES TO THE 1998 CCL CHEMICALS
- IDENTIFICATION OF FUTURE CCL CHEMICALS
- ALGORITHMS, WEIGHTING, AND SCALING FACTORS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Sorting And Screening of Potential Drinking Water Contaminants: New and Existing Chemicals Under the Toxic Substances…
- NEW CHEMICALS
- Notification Requirements
- EPA Evaluation
- Section 5(e) Consent Orders
- SNURS
- Accomplishments
- EU/U.S. Structure Activity Relationship/Minimum Premarketing Dataset Study
- Persistent/Bioaccumulative/Toxic (PBT) New Chemicals
- EXISTING CHEMICALS
- Existing Chemical Testing
- Testing Actions
- TSCA Section 4 Final Test Rule for EPA's Office of Drinking Water
- Existing Chemical Assessment
- Chemical Hazard Data Availability Study
- HPV Challenge Program
- TOXICS RELEASE INVENTORY
- APPROACHES TO SORTING AND SCREENING INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS AS DRINKING WATER CONTAMINANTS
- New Chemicals
- Existing Chemicals
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 6 Emerging Chemical Drinking Water Contaminants
- HERBICIDE DEGRADATES
- PHARMACEUTICALS
- ANTIBIOTICS
- HIGH PRODUCTION VOLUME CHEMICALS
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 7 New and Emerging Analytical Techniques for the Detection of Organic Contaminants in Water
- ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
- Basic Analytical Approaches
- SAMPLING AND SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS
- Sampling Considerations
- Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Phase Extraction
- Concentration by Semipermeable Membranes
- Derivatization
- INSTRUMENTAL ANALYSIS
- Fractionation and Separation
- Mass Spectrometry
- Identification of Chiral Compounds
- EXAMPLES
- Pharmaceuticals
- Antibiotics
- Hormones and Contraceptives
- Drug and Drug Metabolites
- Pesticides
- Surfactants
- Aliphatic Alcohol Polyethoxylates
- Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) and Alkylphenol Polyethoxylates (APEO)
- Industrial Additives and Chelating Agents
- Taste and Odor Compounds
- Disinfection Byproducts
- Gasoline Additives
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 9 Methods to Identify and Detect Microbial Contaminants in Drinking Water
- PURPOSE
- ANALYSIS
- Need for a Risk-Based Approach
- Adapting Quantitative Risk Assessment to Recognize, Identify, Prioritize, and Characterize Drinking Water Pathogens
- Human Pathogens in Water: Classification, Sources, and Properties
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Protozoan Parasites
- Methods for Detecting Pathogenic Microbes in Water
- Initial Recovery and Concentration of Pathogens from Water
- Sedimentation by Centrifugation
- Filtration
- Initial Recovery and Concentration of Pathogens from Water by Chemical Precipitation Methods
- Other Primary Recovery and Concentration Methods
- Purification Methods for Waterborne Pathogens
- Assay Methods for Waterborne Pathogens
- Introduction
- Culture or Infectivity Assays for Bacteria
- Detection of Stressed, Injured, and Viable-But-Nonculturable (VBNC) Bacteria
- Detection of Viral Pathogens by Culture
- Detection of Protozoan Parasites by Culture
- Combined Cell Culture and Nucleic Acid Detection and Amplification of Waterborne Pathogens
- Detection of Waterborne Pathogens by Viability or Activity Assays
- Detection of Waterborne Pathogens by Nucleic Acid Methods
- Nucleic Acid Amplification
- Sample Preparation for Pathogen Detection in Water by Nucleic Acid Methods
- Microscopic and Analytical Imaging Methods to Detect Waterborne Pathogens
- Immunoassays to Detect Pathogens in Water
- Signature Biolipid and Other Biochemical Detection Methods
- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 10 Biofilms in Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Significance and Control
- FACTORS RELATED TO COLIFORM OCCURRENCES
- Filtration
- Temperature
- Disinfectant Residual and Disinfectant Level
- AOC Level
- Corrosion Control and Pipe Materials
- PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF BIOFILM CONTROL
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- 11 New and Emerging Drinking Water Treatment Technologies
- TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS
- TECHNOLOGIES EVALUATED
- Membrane Filtration Technology
- Low-Pressure Membranes
- High-Pressure Membranes
- Two-Stage Membrane Filtration
- Summary
- Ultraviolet Irradiation Technology
- Limited Information on Giardia and Cryptosporidium Inactivation Capability
- No Significant Oxidation Capability
- Operational Challenges
- Severely Impaired by Particulate Matter
- Limited Process Reliability
- Advanced Oxidation Technology
- Ozone
- Ozone with Hydrogen Peroxide Addition
- UV Irradiation with Hydrogen Peroxide Addition
- Ion Exchange Technology
- Biological Filtration
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- REFERENCES
- 12 Emerging Drinking Water Contaminant Databases: A European Perspective
- BACKGROUND
- The Rhine Catchment Area
- Drinking Water Production in Western and Central Europe
- Monitoring and Databases in Western Europe
- THE STRATEGIC POSITION OF DATABASES
- A DATABASE FOR WHOM?
- CONTENTS AND USES OF DATABASES
- "DECISION MAKERS" AND THEIR RESPONSIBILITY
- FORM DATA TO INFORMATION
- Short- and Long-Term Questions
- Data Collection: Systematic or Pragmatic Approach
- DESIGN OF DATABASES: HISTORY AND MODERN DEVELOPMENTS
- Old-Style Database Design
- New-Style Database Design
- DATABASE OF THE ASSOCIATIONS OF RHINE AND MEUSE WATERWORKS (RIWA)
- NEW DEMANDS FOR DATABASES
- For New Contaminants
- Biological Databases
- Databases for Screening Purposes
- How Many Databases Are Necessary?
- FROM DATA TO INFORMATION
- SUMMARY
- Appendix Biographical Sketches of Committee Members and Staff
Text
Audio
Adobe DRM
Login to your account