As a result of major shipping disasters on all coasts, the safety of vessel operations in U.S. ports and waterways and the effectiveness of waterway designs are under increased scrutiny. But are traditional waterway design practices that rely heavily on rules of thumb and conservatism providing adequate margins of safety while keeping the overall costs of waterway projects within the funding capabilities of local project sponsors? Shiphandling Simulation addresses how computer-based simulation can be used to improve the cost- effectiveness of waterway design while satisfying safety objectives. The book examines the role of computer simulation in improving waterway design, evaluates the adequacy of data input, explores the validity of hydrodynamic and mathematical models, assesses required and achievable accuracy of simulation results, and identifies research needed to establish shiphandling simulation as a standard design aid. Case studies of waterway design efforts employing shiphandling simulation are analyzed and lessons learned are identified.
- Shiphandling Simulation
- Copyright
- Preface
- BACKGROUND
- NRC STUDY
- REPORT ORGANIZATION
- Acknowledgments
- Contents
- Executive Summary
- DOES SIMULATION WORK?
- WHEN SHOULD SIMULATION BE USED?
- HOW CAN SIMULATION BE ENHANCED AS A DESIGN AID?
- SUGGESTED RESEARCH
- 1 Introduction
- WATERWAY MODERNIZATION
- Port Development
- Water Resources Policy
- ROLE OF SIMULATION IN WATERWAY MODERNIZATION
- 2 Waterway Design Process
- THE DESIGN CHALLENGE
- DESIGN ISSUES
- Technical Issues
- Acceptable Levels of Risk
- Institutional Issues
- DESIGN PROCEDURES
- DESIGN TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES
- Depth
- Width
- Navigational Aids
- Environmental Data and Civil Engineering
- Design Vessel
- SUMMARY
- 3 Use of Simulation in Waterway Design
- RELATIONSHIP OF PILOTING TO SIMULATION
- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SIMULATORS AND THE DESIGN PROCESS
- SUMMARY
- 4 Shiphandling Simulators
- COMPUTER-BASED MODEL FOR SHIP BEHAVIOR
- Specific Components of Fast-Time Simulations
- Specific Components of Real-Time Simulators
- Visual presentation
- Controls
- Fidelity
- Man-in-the-loop
- LEVEL OF SIMULATION
- SUMMARY
- 5 Mathematical Models
- SELECTING AND IDENTIFYING THE SIMULATION MODEL
- WATERWAY BATHYMETRY
- WATERWAY ENVIRONMENT
- MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF SHIP DYNAMICS
- COMPONENTS OF THE FORCES SYSTEM
- Deepwater Factors
- Unrestricted Shallow Water
- Restricted Shallow Water
- Rudder-Propeller System
- Model of Propulsion and Steering Systems
- SUMMARY
- 6 Assessment of Simulator Technology and Results
- ACCURACY
- CRITIQUE OF MATHEMATICAL MODELING TECHNOLOGY
- CRITIQUE OF PILOTAGE MODELING TECHNOLOGY
- VALIDATION
- INTERPRETING THE RESULTS
- SUMMARY
- 7 Simulator Application in Harbor and Waterway Design
- 8 Research Needs
- GAPS IN THE STATE OF PRACTICE
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- Fidelity Requirements for Mathematical Models
- Identification and Validation of the Mathematical Models
- Effect of Visual and Behavioral Fidelity on Real-Time Simulation Results
- Interpretation of Simulation Results
- Guidelines for the Required Level and Scope of Simulation
- STRATEGIES FOR IMPLEMENTING A RESEARCH PROGRAM
- SUMMARY
- 9 Conclusions and Recommendations
- DOES SIMULATION WORK?
- WHEN SHOULD SIMULATION BE USED?
- HOW CAN SIMULATION BE ENHANCED AS A DESIGN AID?
- ESTABLISHING A RESEARCH PROGRAM
- Appendixes
- A Committee Member Biographies
- B Design Elements of Waterway Development
- C Practical Application of Shiphandling Simulators to Waterway Design
- CASE STUDY COATZACOALCOS, MEXICO COMPUTER AIDED OPERATIONS RESEARCH FACILITY, 1980-1981
- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION RESULTS
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- Design Team
- Pilot Participation
- Operating Parameters and Costs
- Data Validation
- CASE STUDY NORFOLK/HAMPTON ROADS, VIRGINIA COMPUTER AIDED OPERATIONS RESEARCH FACILITY, 1980-1986
- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION RESULTS
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- Consensus Building
- Effectiveness as Design Aid
- Risk Assessment
- CASE STUDY JOHN F. BALDWIN, PHASE 2 (RICHMOND LONG WHARF) WATERWAY EXPERIMENT STATION, 1983-1984
- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION RESULTS
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- Design Team Skills
- Pilot Participation
- Consensus Building
- Graphics Displays
- CASE STUDY PANAMA CANAL GAILLARD CUT WIDENING STUDY COMPUTER AIDED OPERATIONS RESEARCH FACILITY, 1983-1986
- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION DESCRIPTION
- Criteria for Measuring Safety Performance
- Model Validation
- Fast-Time Screening of Design Alternatives
- Configuration Assessment Using Real-Time Simulation
- SIMULATION RESULTS
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- Technical
- Project Management
- CASE STUDY GRAYS HARBOR, WASHINGTON WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION, 1986
- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION RESULTS
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- Consensus Building
- Cost Savings Through Simulation
- Design Tool
- CASE STUDY OAKLAND HARBOR COMPUTER AIDED OPERATIONS RESEARCH FACILITY, 1986-1988
- PROJECT DESCRIPTION
- SIMULATION DESCRIPTION
- PROJECT RESULTS
- PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
- LESSONS LEARNED
- Consensus Building
- Identification of Interested Parties
- Design Ship
- Cost Reductions Through Simulation
- D Source Reference List for Mathematical Models
- E Papers Prepared for This Study
- F Validation of Aircraft Flight Simulators
- OVERVIEW
- VALIDATION POLICY
- QUANTITATIVE TEST PROCEDURES
- Bibliography
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