Workload Transition

Implications for Individual and Team Performance

Author: Wickens, Christopher D.; Huey, Beverly Messick
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309047968
eISBN Pdf: 9780309544221
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1993
Month: January
Pages: 303
Language: English

Caption

Workload transition is a potentially crucial problem in work situations wherein operators are faced with abrupt changes in task demands. People involved include military combat personnel, air-traffic controllers, medical personnel in emergency rooms, and long-distance drivers. They must be able to respond efficiently to sudden increases in workload imposed by a failure, crisis, or other, often unexpected, event.

This book provides a systematic evaluation of workload transition. It focuses on a broad spectrum of activities ranging from team cooperation to the maintenance of this problem on a theoretical level and offers several practical solutions.

WORKLOAD TRANSITION
Copyright
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Contents
Summary
- BACKGROUND
- ANALOGOUS SYSTEMS
- WORKLOAD
- STRESS
- SLEEP DISRUPTION AND FATIGUE
- VIGILANCE
- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION
- DECISION MAKING
- STRATEGIC TASK MANAGEMENT
- TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION
- TRAINING FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSES
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR RESEARCH
  - Research Recommendations
  - Application of Research Results
1 Team Transitions
- BACKGROUND
- TEAM PERFORMANCE DURING TRANSITIONS
- CREW PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
  - Planning and Preparation
  - Routine Monitoring
  - Maintenance
  - Information Seeking
  - Decision Making
  - Control and Operation
  - Communications
- WORKSTATION CHARACTERISTICS
- FRAMEWORK OF THE REPORT
- REFERENCES
2 Analogous Systems
- FEATURES OF SIMILARITY
  - Time
  - Structure of the Event
  - Environment
  - Personal Risk
  - Organizational Structure
  - Summary
- COMMERCIAL AIRLINES
- RAILROADS
- NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
- MERCHANT AND MILITARY SHIPS
- NATURAL DISASTERS
- EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES
- TRAUMA CENTERS AND EMERGENCY ROOMS
- CAUTIOUS GENERALIZATIONS
- REFERENCES
3 Workload Factors
- WORKLOAD CHARACTERISTICS
  - Sources
  - Consequences
  - Measures
  - Relationship Between Workload and Performance
- WORKLOAD DRIVERS: REVIEW OF RESEARCH
  - Task Structure
    - Performance Criteria and Strategies
    - Task Schedule
    - Rate of Presentation
    - Complexity of Task Demands
    - Variability of Task Demands
    - Task Duration
  - Task Requirements and Procedures
  - Input Variables
    - Information From Visual Displays
    - Information From the Visual Scene
    - Information From Auditory Displays
  - Information Processing Variables
    - Level of Processing
    - Processing Resources
    - Memory Requirements
    - Display-Control Compatibility
  - Output Variables
    - Control Design
    - Control Gain and Display Gain
    - Control Lag and Display Lag
    - Order of Control
  - Computer Aiding and Automation
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
4 Stress
- STRESS IN THE WORK ENVIRONMENT
- STRESS AND HUMAN PERFORMANCE
- QUALITATIVE PATTERN OF STRESS EFFECTS
  - Attentional Tunneling
  - Working Memory Loss
  - Communications
  - Long-Term Memory
  - Strategic Shifts
  - Decision Making
  - Attention and Arousal
  - Conclusion
- MEDIATING EFFECTS
- COPING WITH STRESS
  - Design Solutions
  - Strategies
  - Training
- TEAM MODELS: IMPLICATIONS FOR STRESS MANAGEMENT
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
5 Sleep Disruption and Fatigue
- CIRCADIAN EFFECTS ON PROLONGED PERFORMANCE
- SLEEP DEPRIVATION
  - Laboratory Studies
  - Operational Settings
- SLEEP INERTIA
- IMPACT ON PERFORMANCE IN EXTENDED-DUTY OPERATIONS
- POTENTIAL COUNTERMEASURES
- REFERENCES
6 Vigilance and Target Detection
- HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
  - World War II
  - Implications of Automation for Vigilance
  - Implications for Armor Personnel
- PSYCHOPHYSICAL DETERMINANTS
  - A Functional Equation
    - The Components of Vigilance
    - Signal Modality
    - Signal Salience
    - Stimulus Uncertainty
    - The Background Event Context
    - Stimulus Complexity
  - Sensing and Decision Making
    - The Theory of Signal Detection
    - Applications to Vigilance
  - Task Taxonomy
- ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
  - Environment and Task
  - Temperature
  - Noise
  - Vibration
  - Sleep Loss
  - Task-Induced Stress in Vigilance
    - Physiological Indices
    - Mood Measures
    - Perceived Workload
- OPERATIONAL RELEVANCE
  - Workload Transition
  - Remediation
    - Engineering Solutions
    - Training
- REFERENCES
7 Geographic Orientation
- WHAT IS GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION?
- REAL-WORLD CONSTRAINTS ON SPATIAL AWARENESS
  - Frames of Reference
  - Reference Frame Comparisons
  - Biases in Geographic Memory
  - Language
  - Timing
  - Mental Models of Navigational Tasks
- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION: TANKS AND HELICOPTERS
- NAVIGATION AND WORKLOAD TRANSITION
  - The Premission Phase
  - The Operational Phase
  - Transition From Rear Staging Position to Initial Fighting Position
  - The Preengagement Phase
  - The Post-Mission Phase
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
8 Decision Making
- HEURISTICS AND BIASES IN HYPOTHESIS FORMATION
- EXPERTISE IN DIAGNOSIS
- CHOICE
- TRANSITION EFFECTS
  - Pre-Post Exchange
  - Stress Effects
    - Communications
    - Perceptual Tunneling
    - Confirmation Bias
    - Phonetic Working Memory
    - Spatial Working Memory
    - Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff
  - Remediation
    - Decision Aids
    - Debias Training
    - Domain Training
    - Team Cohesion
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
9 Strategic Task Management
- COGNITIVE SWITCHING
  - Strategy Switching
  - Task Switching
  - Implications for Workload Transition
    - Engaging Tasks
    - Disengaging Tasks
- TASK PRIORITY MANAGEMENT
- REFERENCES
10 Team Leadership and Crew Coordination
- AVIATION RESEARCH FINDINGS ON LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION
- CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT TRAINING
- VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
  - Flight Deck Communications
  - Systematic Observational Studies of Crew Performance
  - Leader Behavior
  - Leader Personality
  - Automation, Leadership, and Crew Coordination
  - Organizational Cultures and Subcultures
- ENGINEERING MODELS OF COORDINATION
- CREW PERFORMANCE RESEARCH
- REFERENCES
11 Training for Emergency Responses
- TRAINING CHALLENGES
- TRAINING AND SKILL RETENTION
  - Type of Task
  - Amount of Practice
  - Type of Practice
  - Testing
  - Level of Original Learning
- TRAINING AND WORKLOAD
- TRAINING APPROACHES
  - Training Complex Tasks Through Simulation Networking (SIMNET)
  - Embedded Training for Practicing Procedural Tasks in the Operational Setting
  - Training to Improve Communications and Coordination
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
12 Recommendations for Research
- WORKLOAD
- STRESS
- SLEEP PATTERNS AND FATIGUE
- TARGET DETECTION AND VIGILANCE
- GEOGRAPHIC ORIENTATION
- COMMUNICATIONS AND DECISION MAKING
- STRATEGIC TASK MANAGEMENT
- TEAM LEADERSHIP AND CREW COORDINATION
- TRAINING
- REFERENCES
Index

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Implications for Individual and Team Performance

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