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Acid Deposition

Acid Deposition

Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North America

  • Publisher: National Academies Press
  • ISBN: 9780309074636
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780309557511
  • Place of publication:  United States
  • Year of digital publication: 1983
  • Month: January
  • Pages: 392
  • Language: English
  • Acid Deposition
  • Copyright
  • Preface
  • Contents
  • Summary
    • STATUS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
      • Data
      • Meteorological Processes
      • Models
    • ISSUES
      • Applicability of Models To Decisions On Control Strategy
      • Nonlinearity
      • Influences of Local and Distant Sources
    • IMPLICATIONS FOR EMISSION-CONTROL STRATEGIES
    • RESEARCH NEEDS
  • 1 Introduction
    • DEPOSITION ACIDITY
    • ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
      • Physical and Chemical States of Deposited Materials
      • Reversibility and Irreversibility
    • OTHER RELATED REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION PHENOMENA
    • PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
    • ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
    • NOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • 2 Atmospheric Processes
    • TRANSPORT AND MIXING
    • CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
      • Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions
      • Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Reactions
      • Relative Roles of Gaseous- and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry
    • DEPOSITION
      • Dry Deposition
      • Wet Deposition
      • Attachment Processes
    • REFERENCES
  • 3 Theoretical Models of Regional Air Quality
    • MATERIAL BALANCE
    • DETERMINISTIC MODELS
      • Treatment of Transport and Mixing
      • Treatment of Transformation Chemistry
      • Treatment of Dry and Wet Deposition
      • Linearity or Nonlinearity in Theoretical Models
        • Physical Processes
        • Chemical Processes
    • FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
    • REFERENCES
  • 4 Empirical Observations and Source-Receptor Relationships
    • AEROMETRIC DATA AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
    • RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AEROMETRIC PARAMETERS
    • THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
      • Classification of Meteorological Conditions
      • Air-Mass Trajectories
    • STATISTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
      • Regression on Principal Components
      • Empirical Orthogonal-Function Analysis
      • Elemental-Tracer Analysis
    • ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL TRENDS
    • ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE BEHAVIOR OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN EMISSIONS
    • FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
      • Nonlinearity
      • Influence of Local and Distant Sources
    • REFERENCES
  • 5 Research Needs
    • FIELD STUDIES
      • Cloud Processes
      • Studies of Chemical Mechanisms
      • Dry Deposition
      • Tracers
      • Meteorological Studies
    • LABORATORY STUDIES
    • DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL MODELS
  • Appendix A The Chemistry of Acid Formation
    • GAS-PHASE REACTIONS LEADING TO GENERATION OF ACID IN THE TROPOSPHERE
      • Oxidation By Stable Atmospheric Molecules
      • Reactive Transient Species in the Troposphere
      • Atmospheric Oxidation of SO2 by Reactive Transient Species
      • Atmospheric Oxidation of NO2 by Reactive Transient Species
      • Theoretical Rates of SO2 and NO2 Conversion To H2SO4 and HONO2 Through Gas-Phase Reactions in the Troposphere
    • THE SOLUTION-PHASE OXIDATION OF SO2 IN THE TROPOSPHERE
      • Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of SO2
      • Comparison of Reaction Pathways For Solution-Phase Oxidation of SO2
      • Solution-Phase Generation of Nitric and Nitrous Acids in the Troposphere
    • SUMMARY
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix B Transport and Dispersion Processes
    • CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
    • LOCAL AND MESOSCALE TRANSPORT
    • SYNOPTIC-OR CONTINENTAL-SCALE TRANSPORT
    • HEMISPHERIC OR GLOBAL TRANSPORT
    • CONCLUSIONS
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • REFERENCES
  • Appendix C Atmospheric Deposition Processes
    • 1. INTRODUCTION
    • 2. DRY-DEPOSITION PROCESSES
      • 2.1 Mechanisms of Dry Deposition
        • 2.1.1 Introduction
        • 2.1.2 Aerodynamic Factors
        • 2.1.3 the Quasi-Laminar Layer
        • 2.1.4 Phoretic Effects and Stefan Flow
        • 2.1.5 Surface Adhesion
        • 2.1.6 Surface Biological Effects
        • 2.1.7 Deposition to Liquid-Water Surfaces
        • 2.1.8 Deposition to Mineral Surfaces
        • 2.1.9. Fog and Dewfall
        • 2.1.10 Resuspension and Surface Emission
        • 2.1.11 The Resistance Analog
      • 2.2 Methods for Measuring Dry Deposition
        • 2.2.1 Direct Measurement
        • 2.2.2 Laboratory Studies
        • 2.2.3 Micrometeorological Measurement Methods
      • 2.3 Field Investigations of Dry Deposition
        • 2.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants
        • 2.3.2 Particulate Pollutants
      • 2.4 Micrometeorological Models of the Dry-Deposition Process
        • 2.4.1 Gases
        • 2.4.2 Particles
      • 2.5 Conclusions to Section 2
      • 2.6 References
    • 3. PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING PROCESSES
      • 3.1 Steps in the Scavenging Sequence
        • 3.1.1 Introduction
        • 3.1.2 Intermixing of Pollutant and Condensed Water (Step 1-2)
        • 3.1.3 Attachment of Pollutant to Condensed-Water Elements (Step 2-3)
        • 3.1.4 Aqueous-Phase Reactions (Step 3-4)
        • 3.1.5 Deposition of Pollutant with Precipitation (Steps 3-5 and 4-5)
        • 3.1.6 Combined Processes and the Problem of Scavenging Calculations
      • 3.2 Storm Systems and Storm Climatology
        • 3.2.1 Introduction
        • 3.2.2 Frontal-Storm Systems
          • Cold-Front Storms
          • Occluded-Front Storms
        • 3.2.3 Convective-Storm Systems
        • 3.2.4 Additional Storm Types: Nonideal Frontal Storms, Orographic Storms, and Lake-Effect Storms
        • 3.2.5 Storm and Precipitation Climatology
          • Precipitation Climatology
          • Storm Tracks
          • Storm-Duration Statistics
      • 3.3 Summary of Precipitation-Scavenging Field Investigations
      • 3.4 Predictive and Interpretive Models of Scavenging
        • 3.4.1 Introduction
        • 3.4.2 Elements of an Scavenging Model
          • 3.4.2.1 Material Balances
          • Energy Balances
          • Momentum Balances
        • 3.4.3 Definitions of Scavenging Parameters
        • 3.4.4 Formulation of Scavenging Models: Simple Examples of Microscopic and Macroscopic Approaches
        • 3.4.5 Systematic Selection of Scavenging Models: an Flow-Chart Approach
      • 3.5 Practical Aspects of Scavenging Models: Uncertainty Levels and Sources of Error
      • 3.5 Conclusions to Section 3
      • 3.7 References
  • Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members

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