Acid Deposition

Atmospheric Processes in Eastern North America

Editor: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309074636
eISBN Pdf: 9780309557511
Lloc de publicació: United States
Any de publicació digital: 1983
Mes: Gener
Pàgines: 392
Idioma: Anglés

Acid Deposition
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Summary
- STATUS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
  - Data
  - Meteorological Processes
  - Models
- ISSUES
  - Applicability of Models To Decisions On Control Strategy
  - Nonlinearity
  - Influences of Local and Distant Sources
- IMPLICATIONS FOR EMISSION-CONTROL STRATEGIES
- RESEARCH NEEDS
1 Introduction
- DEPOSITION ACIDITY
- ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS
  - Physical and Chemical States of Deposited Materials
  - Reversibility and Irreversibility
- OTHER RELATED REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION PHENOMENA
- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
- ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
2 Atmospheric Processes
- TRANSPORT AND MIXING
- CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
  - Homogeneous Gas-Phase Reactions
  - Homogeneous Aqueous-Phase Reactions
  - Relative Roles of Gaseous- and Aqueous-Phase Chemistry
- DEPOSITION
  - Dry Deposition
  - Wet Deposition
  - Attachment Processes
- REFERENCES
3 Theoretical Models of Regional Air Quality
- MATERIAL BALANCE
- DETERMINISTIC MODELS
  - Treatment of Transport and Mixing
  - Treatment of Transformation Chemistry
  - Treatment of Dry and Wet Deposition
  - Linearity or Nonlinearity in Theoretical Models
    - Physical Processes
    - Chemical Processes
- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
4 Empirical Observations and Source-Receptor Relationships
- AEROMETRIC DATA AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
- RELATIONSHIPS AMONG AEROMETRIC PARAMETERS
- THE INFLUENCE OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
  - Classification of Meteorological Conditions
  - Air-Mass Trajectories
- STATISTICAL METHODS OF ANALYSIS
  - Regression on Principal Components
  - Empirical Orthogonal-Function Analysis
  - Elemental-Tracer Analysis
- ANALYSIS OF HISTORICAL TRENDS
- ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE BEHAVIOR OF SULFUR AND NITROGEN EMISSIONS
- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
  - Nonlinearity
  - Influence of Local and Distant Sources
- REFERENCES
5 Research Needs
- FIELD STUDIES
  - Cloud Processes
  - Studies of Chemical Mechanisms
  - Dry Deposition
  - Tracers
  - Meteorological Studies
- LABORATORY STUDIES
- DEVELOPMENT OF THEORETICAL MODELS
Appendix A The Chemistry of Acid Formation
- GAS-PHASE REACTIONS LEADING TO GENERATION OF ACID IN THE TROPOSPHERE
  - Oxidation By Stable Atmospheric Molecules
  - Reactive Transient Species in the Troposphere
  - Atmospheric Oxidation of SO2 by Reactive Transient Species
  - Atmospheric Oxidation of NO2 by Reactive Transient Species
  - Theoretical Rates of SO2 and NO2 Conversion To H2SO4 and HONO2 Through Gas-Phase Reactions in the Troposphere
- THE SOLUTION-PHASE OXIDATION OF SO2 IN THE TROPOSPHERE
  - Aqueous-Phase Oxidation of SO2
  - Comparison of Reaction Pathways For Solution-Phase Oxidation of SO2
  - Solution-Phase Generation of Nitric and Nitrous Acids in the Troposphere
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
Appendix B Transport and Dispersion Processes
- CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
- LOCAL AND MESOSCALE TRANSPORT
- SYNOPTIC-OR CONTINENTAL-SCALE TRANSPORT
- HEMISPHERIC OR GLOBAL TRANSPORT
- CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
Appendix C Atmospheric Deposition Processes
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. DRY-DEPOSITION PROCESSES
  - 2.1 Mechanisms of Dry Deposition
    - 2.1.1 Introduction
    - 2.1.2 Aerodynamic Factors
    - 2.1.3 the Quasi-Laminar Layer
    - 2.1.4 Phoretic Effects and Stefan Flow
    - 2.1.5 Surface Adhesion
    - 2.1.6 Surface Biological Effects
    - 2.1.7 Deposition to Liquid-Water Surfaces
    - 2.1.8 Deposition to Mineral Surfaces
    - 2.1.9. Fog and Dewfall
    - 2.1.10 Resuspension and Surface Emission
    - 2.1.11 The Resistance Analog
  - 2.2 Methods for Measuring Dry Deposition
    - 2.2.1 Direct Measurement
    - 2.2.2 Laboratory Studies
    - 2.2.3 Micrometeorological Measurement Methods
  - 2.3 Field Investigations of Dry Deposition
    - 2.3.1 Gaseous Pollutants
    - 2.3.2 Particulate Pollutants
  - 2.4 Micrometeorological Models of the Dry-Deposition Process
    - 2.4.1 Gases
    - 2.4.2 Particles
  - 2.5 Conclusions to Section 2
  - 2.6 References
- 3. PRECIPITATION SCAVENGING PROCESSES
  - 3.1 Steps in the Scavenging Sequence
    - 3.1.1 Introduction
    - 3.1.2 Intermixing of Pollutant and Condensed Water (Step 1-2)
    - 3.1.3 Attachment of Pollutant to Condensed-Water Elements (Step 2-3)
    - 3.1.4 Aqueous-Phase Reactions (Step 3-4)
    - 3.1.5 Deposition of Pollutant with Precipitation (Steps 3-5 and 4-5)
    - 3.1.6 Combined Processes and the Problem of Scavenging Calculations
  - 3.2 Storm Systems and Storm Climatology
    - 3.2.1 Introduction
    - 3.2.2 Frontal-Storm Systems
      - Cold-Front Storms
      - Occluded-Front Storms
    - 3.2.3 Convective-Storm Systems
    - 3.2.4 Additional Storm Types: Nonideal Frontal Storms, Orographic Storms, and Lake-Effect Storms
    - 3.2.5 Storm and Precipitation Climatology
      - Precipitation Climatology
      - Storm Tracks
      - Storm-Duration Statistics
  - 3.3 Summary of Precipitation-Scavenging Field Investigations
  - 3.4 Predictive and Interpretive Models of Scavenging
    - 3.4.1 Introduction
    - 3.4.2 Elements of an Scavenging Model
      - 3.4.2.1 Material Balances
      - Energy Balances
      - Momentum Balances
    - 3.4.3 Definitions of Scavenging Parameters
    - 3.4.4 Formulation of Scavenging Models: Simple Examples of Microscopic and Macroscopic Approaches
    - 3.4.5 Systematic Selection of Scavenging Models: an Flow-Chart Approach
  - 3.5 Practical Aspects of Scavenging Models: Uncertainty Levels and Sources of Error
  - 3.5 Conclusions to Section 3
  - 3.7 References
Appendix D Biographical Sketches of Committee Members