Archives of Empire

Volume 2. The Scramble for Africa

Author: Harlow, Barbara; Carter, Mia
Publisher: Duke University Press
ISBN: 9780822331520
eISBN Pdf: 9780822385035
Place of publication: Durham , United States
Year of digital publication: 2003
Month: December
Pages: 844
Language: English

Caption

A rich collection of primary materials, the multivolume Archives of Empire provides a documentary history of nineteenth-century British imperialism from the Indian subcontinent to the Suez Canal to southernmost Africa. Barbara Harlow and Mia Carter have carefully selected a diverse range of texts that track the debates over imperialism in the ranks of the military, the corridors of political power, the lobbies of missionary organizations, the halls of royal geographic and ethnographic societies, the boardrooms of trading companies, the editorial offices of major newspapers, and far-flung parts of the empire itself. Focusing on a particular region and historical period, each volume in Archives of Empire is organized into sections preceded by brief introductions. Documents including mercantile company charters, parliamentary records, explorers’ accounts, and political cartoons are complemented by timelines, maps, and bibligraphies. Unique resources for teachers and students, these volumes reveal the complexities of nineteenth-century colonialism and emphasize its enduring relevance to the “global markets” of the twenty-first century.

While focusing on the expansion of the British Empire, The Scramble for Africa illuminates the intense nineteenth-century contest among European nations over Africa’s land, people, and resources. Highlighting the 1885 Berlin Conference in which Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, and Italy partitioned Africa among themselves, this collection follows British conflicts with other nations over different regions as well as its eventual challenge to Leopold of Belgium’s rule of the Congo. The reports, speeches, treatises, proclamations, letters, and cartoons assembled here include works by Henry M. Stanley, David Livingstone, Joseph Conrad, G. W. F. Hegel, Winston Churchill, Charles Darwin, and Arthur Conan Doyle. A number of pieces highlight the proliferation of companies chartered to pursue Africa’s gold, diamonds, and oil—particularly Cecil J. Rhodes’s British South Africa Company and Frederick Lugard’s Royal Niger Company. Other documents describe debacles on the continent—such as the defeat of General Gordon in Khartoum and the Anglo-Boer War—and the criticism of imperial maneuvers by proto-human rights activists including George Washington Williams, Mark Twain, Olive Schreiner, and E.D. Morel.

Contents
Acknowledgments
General Introduction: Readings in Imperialism and Orientalism
Volume Introduction: The Scramble for Africa
I. The Berlin Conference 1885: Making/Mapping History
- Introduction: The Scramble for Africa: From the Conference at Berlin to the Incident at Fashoda
- Chronology of Events
- Africa in 1886: The Scramble Half Complete [map]
- Africa after the Scramble, 1912 [map]
- Africa 1898, with Charter Companies [map]
- Joseph Conrad, Excerpts from Heart of Darkness(1898/99)
- G. W. F. Hegel, ‘‘Africa’’ (1822)
- General Act of the Conference of Berlin (1885)
- ‘‘The Black Baby’’ (1894) [illustration]
- Arthur Berriedale Keith, ‘‘International Rivalry and the Berlin Conference’’ (1919)
- ‘‘The ‘Irrepressible’ Tourist’’ (1885) [illustration]
- Hilaire Belloc, Excerpt from ‘‘The Modern Traveller’’(1898)
- Winston Churchill, ‘‘The Fashoda Incident’’ (1899)
- Lord Alfred Milner, ‘‘Geography and Statecraft’’(1907)
- ‘‘Marchez! Marchand!’’ (1898) [illustration]
- Dr. Wilhelm Junker, Excerpt from Travels in Africa during the Years 1882–1886, with etching (1892)
- ‘‘Africa Shared Out’’ (1899) [editorial with cartoon]
II. The Body Politic : Rationalizing Race
- Introduction: The Body Politic: Rationalizing Race
- Slaves
  - William Wilberforce, ‘‘The African Slave Trade’’(1789)
  - William Pitt the Younger, ‘‘William Pitt the Younger Indicts the Slave Trade and Forsees a Liberated Africa’’(1792)
  - Thomas Carlyle, ‘‘The Nigger Question’’ (1849)
  - Charles Dickens, ‘‘The Noble Savage’’ (1853) [with classified advertisement from the Illustrated London News]
- Species
  - Count Joseph Arthur Gobineau, ‘‘Moral and Intellectual Characteristics of the Three Great Varieties’’ (1856)
  - Charles Darwin, ‘‘Struggle for Existence’’ (1871)
  - Charles Darwin, ‘‘On the Formation of the Races of Man’’ (1871)
  - Digain Williams, Excerpt from ‘‘Darwin’’ (1922)
  - James W. Redfield, ‘‘Comparative Physiognomy’’ (1852)
  - Ernest Renan, Excerpts from The Future of Science(1893)
- Self-governance
  - Walter Bagehot, ‘‘Nation-Making’’ (1869)
  - Herbert Spencer, ‘‘The Primitive Man—Intellectual’’ (1906)
  - Benjamin Kidd, ‘‘The Principles of the Relations of Our Civilization to the Tropics’’ (1898)
  - Dudley Kidd, Excerpts from Kafir Socialism (1908)
  - Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘How the Leopard Got His Spots’’(1902)
III. The Political Corps
- The Mission
- Introduction: The Mission: Christianity,Civilization, and Commerce 243 William Booth, Salvation Army Songs (n.d.)
  - David Livingstone, Dr. Livingstone’s Cambridge Lectures (1858)
  - Henry M. Stanley, Excerpts from How I Found Livingstone (1872)
  - Livingstone’s Journeys, 1841–1856 [map]
  - M. B. Synge, ‘‘Preparing the Empire: Livingstone and Stanley in Central Africa’’ (1908)
  - Elizabeth Rundle Charles (?), ‘‘In Memory of Dr.Livingstone’’ (1874)
  - Sir Bartle Frere, ‘‘Dr. Livingstone’’ (1874)
  - Count Joseph Arthur Gobineau, ‘‘Influence of Christianity upon Moral and Intellectual Diversity of Races’’ (1856)
  - Matthew Arnold, ‘‘The Bishop and the Philosopher’’(1863)
  - International Emigration O≈ce, Excerpts from The Surplus (1909)
  - Excerpts from The Salvation Army British Empire Exhibition Handbook (1924)
- The Administration:Lugard And The Royal Niger Company
- Introduction: Inheritors of Empire, Agents of Change: Lord Lugard and Mary Kingsley
  - ‘‘Royal Charter Granted to the National African Company, later called the Royal Niger Company’’(1884)
  - George Taubman Goldie and Frederick Lugard,Selected Correspondence: The Royal Niger Company (1894)
  - Frederick Lugard, Excerpts from The Diaries of Lord Lugard: Nigeria (1894–1895, 1898)
  - Frederick Lugard, ‘‘Duties of Political Officers and Miscellaneous Subjects’’ (1913–1918)
  - Frederick Lugard, Excerpts from The Dual Mandate in British Tropical Africa (1922)
  - Mary Kingsley, ‘‘The Clash of Cultures’’ (1901)
  - Mary Kingsley, ‘‘A Letter to the Editor of ‘The New Africa’ ’’ (n.d.)
  - Flora L. Shaw (Lady Lugard), Excerpts from A Tropical Dependency (1905)
- The Administration: Cecil J. Rhodes and the British South Africa Company
- Introduction: Cecil J. Rhodes: Colossus or Caricature?
  - Olive Schreiner, Excerpt from Trooper Peter Halket of Mashonaland (1897)
  - ‘‘The Rhodes Colossus’’ (1892) [illustration]
  - ‘‘My Career Is Only Beginning!’’ (1896)[illustration]
  - ‘‘South Africa before and after Cecil Rhodes’’ (1896)[map]
  - H. Rider Haggard, ‘‘We Abandon Hope’’ (1885)
  - John Buchan, ‘‘My Uncle’s Gift Is Many Times Multiplied’’ (1910)
  - Cecil John Rhodes, Excerpts from The Speeches of Cecil Rhodes 1881–1900 (1900)
  - Lord Randolph S. Churchill, Excerpts from Men,Mines, and Animals in South Africa (1895)
  - Dr. L. S. Jameson. ‘‘Personal Reminiscences of Mr.Rhodes’’ (1897)
  - ‘‘The Last Will and Testament of Cecil John Rhodes’’(1902)
  - Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘The Burial’’ (1902)
IV. Crises Of Empire
- Gordon At Khartoum
- Introduction: Gordon at Khartoum: From Cavil to Catastrophe
  - Chronology of Events
  - Charles G. Gordon, Excerpts from The Journals of Major-General C. B. Gordon, G. B. at Kartoum(1885)
  - ‘‘At Last!’’ (1885) [illustration]
  - ‘‘Too Late!’’ (1885) [illustration]
  - Queen Victoria, Letters to Mary Gordon (1890)
  - Lytton Strachey, ‘‘The End of General Gordon’’(1918)
  - Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring), ‘‘Relief Expedition’’(1908)
  - Wilfred S. Blunt, Excerpts from Gordon at Khartoum (1911)
  - Randolph H. S. Churchill, ‘‘The Desertion of General Gordon’’ (1884)
  - Lord Wolseley, Excerpt from In Relief of Gordon (1885)
  - Rudolf C. Slatin Pasha, Excerpt from Fire and Sword in the Sudan (1896)
  - Major F. R. Wingate, ‘‘The Siege and Fall of Khartum’’(1892)
  - John Buchan, ‘‘Act the Fifth: The End’’ (1934)
  - Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘Fuzzy-Wuzzy’’ (1898)
  - The Graphic, Christmas Number, 1887
  - ‘‘Gordon’s Dream—The Martyr-Hero of Khartoum’’(1887) [illustration]
- The Anglo-Boer War
- Introduction: The Boer War: Accusations and Apologias
  - ‘‘Across the Dark Continent’’ (1899) [illustration]
  - Olive Schreiner, Excerpt from An English–South African’s View of the Situation (1899)
  - H. Rider Haggard, Excerpt from A History of the Transvaal (1900)
  - J. A. Hobson, ‘‘Political Position in Cape Colony’’(1900)
  - Rudyard Kipling, ‘‘The Absent-Minded Beggar’’(1899)
  - E. J. Hardy, ‘‘Mr Thomas Atkins’’ (1900)
  - ‘‘Relief of Kimberley’’ (1900) [reproduction]
  - Emily Hobhouse, Excerpt from Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies (1901)
  - Dame Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Excerpt from What I Remember (1924)
  - Winston Churchill, ‘‘Prisoners of War’’ (1900)
  - Methods of Barbarism
  - W. T. Stead, ‘‘Suggestions for a New Departure’’(1900)
  - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, ‘‘Further Charges against British Troops’’ (1902)
  - Excerpt from Hague Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land, 29 July 1899
  - Treaty of Vereeniging, 31 May 1902
- The Congo
- Introduction: The Congo: Abominations and Denunciations
  - Anonymous, ‘‘The Congo State’’ (1902)
  - Roger Casement, ‘‘The Congo Report’’ (1903)
  - Roger Casement, ‘‘The 1903 Diary’’ (1903)
  - Joseph Conrad, An Open Letter to Roger Casement(1903)
  - E. D. Morel, ‘‘Native Life under Congo State Rule’’ (1904)
  - E. D. Morel, Excerpts from History of the Congo Reform Movement (1910–1914)
  - George Washington Williams, ‘‘An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty Leopold II’’ (1890)
  - Mark Twain, ‘‘King Leopold’s Soliloquy’’ (1905)
  - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Excerpts from The Crime of the Congo (1909)
  - ‘‘The Guilt of Delay’’ (1909) [illustration]