Our historical understanding of the Reformation in northern Europe has tended to privilege the idea of disruption and innovation over continuity - yet even the most powerful reformation movements drew on and exchanged ideas with earlier cultural and religious practices. This volume attempts to right the balance, bringing together a roster of experts to trace the continuities between the medieval and early modern period in the Nordic realm, while enabling us to see the Reformation and its changes in a new light.
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- A Note on Terms and Names
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction / Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen and Linda Kaljundi
- Part I – Contextualizations and Thematizations
- 1. Popular Belief and the Disruption of Religious Practices in Reformation Sweden / Martin Berntson
- 2. Trade and the Known World: Finnish Priests’ and Laymen’s Networks in the Late Medieval Baltic Sea Region / Ilkka Leskelä
- 3. Diglossia, Authority and Tradition: The Influence of Writing on Learned and Vernacular Languages / Marco Mostert
- Part II – Music and Religious Performances
- 4. Changes in the Poetics of Song during the Finnish Reformation / Kati Kallio
- 5. Vernacular Gregorian Chant and Lutheran Hymn-singing in Reformation-era Finland / Jorma Hannikainen and Erkki Tuppurainen
- 6. Pious Hymns and Devil’s Music: Michael Agricola (c. 1507-1557) and Jacobus Finno (c. 1540‑1588) on Church Song and Folk Beliefs / Tuomas M.S. Lehtonen
- 7. The Emergence of Hymns at the Crossroads of Folk and Christian Culture: An Episode in Early Modern Latvian Cultural History / Māra Grudule
- Part III – Church Art and Architecture
- 8. Reform and Pragmatism: On Church Art and Architecture during the Swedish Reformation Era / Anna Nilsén
- 9. Early Lutheran Networks and Changes in the Furnishings of the Finnish Lutheran Parish Church / Hanna Pirinen
- 10. Continuity and Change: Reorganizing Sacred Space in Post-Reformation Tallinn / Merike Kurisoo
- Part IV – The ‘Other’ and the Afterlife
- 11. Pagans into Peasants: Ethnic and Social Boundaries in Early Modern Livonia / Linda Kaljundi
- 12. Est vera India septemtrio: Re-imagining the Baltic in the Age of Discovery / Stefan Donecker
- 13. Transformations of Saint Catherine of Alexandria in Finnish Vernacular Poetry and Rituals / Irma-Riitta Järvinen
- 14. Agricola’s List (1551) and the Formation of the Estonian Pantheon / Aivar Põldvee
- Index
- List of Maps, Figures, Tables, and Musical Examples
- Maps
- Map 1 – Baltic Sea region
- Map 2 – Baltic Sea region, 1530
- Map 3 – Baltic Sea region, 1580
- Map 4 – Baltic Sea region, 1630
- Map 5 – The Swedish provinces
- Figures
- Figure 5.1 – A fragment from Graduale F.m. II 44 in the National Library of Finland, with Finnish translation added for the Gloria
- Figure 5.2 – The end of the antiphon O Kunnian Kuningas (O Rex gloriose) in the Codex Westh
- Figure 5.3 – The introit Nos autem in the Codex Westh
- Figure 5.4 – The trope Benedicamus parvulo nato in a manuscript from Hämeenkyrö
- Figure 5.5 – The hymn O fadher wår wij bidhie tigh in the Loimijoki manuscript (c. 1600)
- Figure 8.1 – Gustav Vasa as the Bysta Master saw him in about 1550
- Figure 8.2 – Gustav Vasa’s Bible, 1541; title page
- Figure 8.3 – St. Erik. Uppsala Cathedral Chapter’s counter-seal from 1275, believed to represent his statue
- Figure 8.4 – The Seven Sacraments. Altarpiece painted by Rogier van der Weyden, 1440-1445. Detail of the central panel, showing the Eucharist
- Figure 8.5 – Klara church plan
- Figure 8.6 – Läby church, Uppland. Drawing from the seventeenth century. A typical Swedish one-celled church, well-suited to the Lutheran service
- Figure 8.7 – Katarina church in Stockholm. Original plan and elevation
- Figure 8.8 – Two sixteenth-century pulpits
- Figure 8.9 – Choir screen from Kongsted, Denmark
- Figure 8.10 – Marby old church, Jämtland
- Figure 8.11 – The Trinity in Vendel church Uppland, painted by Johannes Ivan in 1452. Below the Trinity in Hägerstad church, Östergötland, painted by Mats the Painter from Linköping in 1608
- Figure 8.12 – Vårdsbergs church, Östergötland. St. George, painted by Mats the Painter in 1615
- Figure 9.1 – The Hattula pulpit
- Figure 9.2 – Lucas Cranach the Elder. The Holy Service. A motif from a prayer book, 1527
- Figure 9.3 – Paintings from the Isokyrö church. The northern wall
- Figure 9.4 – The bookstand of Vehmaa church
- Figure 9.5 – Lucas Cranach the Elder, The Old and the New Testament (c. 1529)
- Figure 10.1 – Matthäus Merian the Elder: View of Tallinn from the northwest
- Figure 10.2 – Ornate pews for the Town Council members in St. Nicholas’s Church, 1556-1557; destroyed during the Second World War
- Figure 10.3 – Ground plan of St. Nicholas’s Church; Heinrich Julius Woltemate, 1691
- Figure 10.4 – Interior view to the west of St. Nicholas’s Church with seven-armed candelabrum (1519), the pews of the Brotherhood of Black Heads (1560s), and the pulpit (1624). Pulpit and benches destroyed during the Second World War
- Figure 10.5 – Interior view to the east of St. Nicholas’s Church with the late medieval altarpiece (workshop of the Lübeck master Hermen Rode, 1478-1481) and the Calvary Group (early fifteenth century)
- Figure 10.6 – Open view of the altarpiece of the high altar of St. Nicholas’s Church
- Figure 10.7 – Open view of the Passion Altarpiece. The middle panel shows the praying figures of the mint master Urban Dene and the superintendent Heinrich Bock, added in the mid-sixteenth century.
- Figure 10.8 – Epitaph of the pastor of St. Nicholas’s church, Johann Hobing, 1558
- Figure 10.9 – Ground plan of the church of the Holy Spirit; Heinrich Julius Woltemate, 1691
- Figure 10.10 – Antependium of St. Olaf’s Church
- Figure 12.1 – Muscovite atrocities in the Livonian War
- Figure 12.2 – How the Amazons Treat their Prisoners of War
- Figure 12.3 – About the Islands recently discovered in the Indian Sea
- Figure 14.1 – Transcript of Agricola’s list from Thomas Hiärne’s chronicle
- Figure 14.2 – Conrad Westermayr, Wainamöinen – Finnish Orpheus
- Tables
- Table 5.1 – Liturgical chants in three Swedish/Finnish sources
- Musical Examples
- Example 5.1 – Comparison of melodies: Kyrie Lux et origo, set in Roman and Germanic forms
- Example 5.2 – The beginning of the trope Discubuit Jesus in the Codex Westh (1546?, Finnish) and in the Henricus Thomæ manuscript (Swedish)
- Example 5.3 – The antiphon O sacrum convivium in a manuscript from Marttila (1596, Latin) and in a handwritten appendix to Michael Agricola’s Passio (1616) from the same time (Finnish)
- Example 5.4 – The antiphon O Rex gloriose in the Marttila manuscript (1596, Latin) and in the Codex Westh (1546, Finnish)
- Example 5.5 – Latin and Finnish forms of the introit Nos autem in the Graduale Uskelense (A) and in the Codex Westh (B)
- Example 5.6 – Fragments from the introits Quasi modo geniti in the manuscript of Henricus Thomæ (A, Latin) and in the Officia Missæ of M.B. Gunnærus (C, Finnish)
- Example 5.7 – Michael Agricola’s translation of O Lamm Gottes unschuldig (Agricola, Messu, 1549) combined with the melody in the Swedish Hög manuscript (1541?)
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