The Republic of Turkey was founded a hundred years ago on 29 October 1923. Turkey holds a unique position between Europe and the Middle East. It continues to captivate international attention, evoking hopes and fears in the hearts and minds of contemporary observers. As a critical commemoration of its centenary, this book presents a mosaic of one hundred carefully curated fragments by expert authors, shedding light on politics, economy, society, culture, gender, and arts in a hundred years of Turkey. Each fragment offers a glimpse into a specific aspect of Turkey’s development, revealing the complexities of Turkey’s historical reality. Through exhibiting a diverse range of historical sources like laws, speeches, essays, letters, newspaper articles, poems, songs, memoirs, photos, posters, maps, and diagrams, each fragment brings the voices and images of Turkey’s past and present to readers. A Hundred Years of Republican Turkey: A History in a Hundred Fragments is an invaluable resource for researchers, educators, students, and anyone interested in Turkey’s fascinating history since 1923.
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Fragments from a Century: A History of Republican Turkey, 1923–2023
- Alp Yenen and Erik-Jan Zürcher
- 1923–1932
- 1 A Lasting Legacy: The Proclamation of the Republic
- 2 Anxious Inquiries: The League of Nations on the Population Exchange
- 3 Echoes of Modernity: Nazım Hikmet’s “Machinisation” of Turkish Poetry
- 4 “Foreigners with their Fake Turkish and Muslim Masks”: A Public Debate about Dönmes
- 5 “Stricken by Illness”: Political Plagues of the New Capital
- 6 “Empowered to Prohibit”: The Law on the Maintenance of Order
- 7 “The Congregation of Civilisation”: Mustafa Kemal Pasha’s Speech in Kastamonu
- 8 A Step Forward, a Step Back: Women’ Rights and the Civil Code of 1926
- 9 “Citizen, Speak Turkish!”: A Jewish Appeal for Turkification
- 10 An Unusual Letter, an Unusual Opposition: The Free Republican Party
- 1933–1942
- 11 Geography of a Nation in the Making: The Settlement Law of 1934
- 12 A Glimpse into Policies on Spirits: Alcohol Percentages in Rakı Production
- 13 Defining Kemalism: The Program of the CHP in an Age of Ideologies
- 14 Language, Nation, and their Enemies: Linguistic Nationalism
- 15 “Treacherous and Insidious”: Turkey’s Southern Border
- 16 Modernising Attire, Modernising the Nation: Reflections of Kemalist Clothing Reforms
- 17 Mapping Nomadism: The Construction of the Nation-State
- 18 “The Lament of Laç Valley”: Mourned Memory of the Dersim Massacre
- 19 Nationalisation of the Banking System: The Increase in General Deposits
- 20 Steering the Economy: Turkey in the Second World War
- 1943–1952
- 21 A Precarious Offer: The Dodecanese Islands and Turkish Neutrality in the Second World War
- 22 “I am a Victim of the Capital Tax”: The Voices of İstanbul Greeks
- 23 “Enlightening” the Turkish Countryside: The Village Institutes
- 24 Inspecting the East: The CHP Secretary General’s Views on the Kurdish Provinces
- 25 Planting the Seeds of Multiparty Politics: Memorandum of the Four
- 26 The Future of an Ancient Capital: Henri Prost’s Master Plan for İstanbul
- 27 “What Is to Be Done?”: The Legacy of Leftist Minority Artists in Turkey
- 28 The Language of Religion: The Reversion of the Ezan from Turkish to Arabic
- 29 “The Sincerest Feeling of all the Peace-Loving Turkish People”: Pacifism and the Korean War
- 30 Beekeeping, Agriculture, and Democracy: The Debate over Cold War Modernity
- 1953–1962
- 31 “Male Beauty Kings”: Gender, Biopolitics, and Pageantry in the Annals of İstanbul
- Müge Özoğlu
- 32 “Religion is Bound to the State”: Ali Fuat Başgil’s Critique of Secularism
- Umut Azak
- 33 Symbol of Turkish Modernity and Bastion of the West: The Hilton Hotel in İstanbul
- Hans Theunissen
- 34 The Beginning of an End: The Pogrom of 6-7 September 1955
- Stefo Benlisoy
- 35 Politicised Suffering: On Being an Albanian Migrant in Turkey
- Nathalie Clayer
- 36 “Actions in the Middle East Are Only a Beginning”: Turkey and the Syrian Crisis of 1957
- Onur İşçi
- 37 An Early Announcement of the 1961 Constitution: Calls for Reforms by the Opposition
- Ahmet İnsel
- 38 Mobilising Youths for Political Change: Codeword 555K
- Çimen Günay-Erkol
- 39 Opening Pandora’s Box: The 1960 Military Coup d’État
- Mogens Pelt
- 40 “The Era of Planned Development”: The Founding of the State Planning Organisation
- Erwin Dekker
- 1963–1972
- 41 From Temporary Migration to the Struggle for Equal Social Rights: Turkish Workers in Germany
- 42 Dreams of Development: Peasantism, Cadrism, and a Disciplined Society
- 43 Deviating from the National Narrative: The Workers’ Party of Turkey and Cyprus
- 44 The Making of a National Symbol: Necip Fazıl Kısakürek and Hagia Sophia
- 45 The Turkish Queen of the Hippies: Remembering Perihan Yücel
- 46 A Fragile Liberal Democratic Moment: Demirel and the Turkish Centre-Right
- Tanıl Bora
- Translated by Salih Işık Bora
- 47 Contesting Family Planning: Birth Control as a Conspiracy
- 48 Political Islam in the Turkish Parliament: The National Order Party
- 49 Appreciating Turmoil: The Autonomy of Universities and the Military Intervention
- 50 Imperialism, Colonialism, and Oligarchic Dictatorships: Mahir Çayan’s Revolutionary Theory
- 1973–1982
- 51 A Growing İstanbul: The Opening of the Bosphorus Bridge
- 52 Cinematic Imagining of the Nationalist Soldier-to-be: Little Mujahid in Cyprus
- 53 Between Modernisation and Class Struggle: Arabesk Music
- 54 A Forgotten Wave: Socialist Women’s Activism and the Struggle for Gender Equality
- 55 Mothers with Sons: Sevgi Soysal’s Critiques of Masculinity
- 56 Revolutionary Martyrdom: The Death of Haki Karer and the Emergence of PKK
- 57 Civil War Strategy of the Turkish Far-Right: The Maraş Massacre
- 58 Capitalism after Military Intervention: Vehbi Koç and the Military-Industrial Complex
- 59 Leftists from Turkey, Unite! Behice Boran in Brussels
- 60 When Generals Do Etymology: On the Kart-Kurt Myth of Kurdish
- 1983–1992
- 61 Active State Participation in the Manufacture of Denialism: “The Armenian Issue”
- 62 “My Body, My Choice!”: Conceptions of a Contemporary Feminist Slogan in Turkey
- 63 A Challenge to the Military Junta: The Petition of Intellectuals
- 64 The Intersection of State and Religion: National Unity and Religion on Television
- 65 “The United States Will Be Buying our Textile Exports!”: Özal, Reagan, and Neoliberalism
- 66 The Intellectuals’ Hearth: A Republican Generation?
- 67 Three Days in Bekaa Valley: An Interview with Abdullah Öcalan
- 68 Turkish Pop: The New Urban and Neoliberal Culture of Turkey
- 69 “Mafiacity Ümraniye”: Irregular Urbanisation and the İstanbul Gecekondu
- 70 On the Possibility of a Liberal Islam: The Resurrection of the Constitution of Medina in Turkey
- İlker Aytürk and Anıl Kahvecioğlu
- 1993–2002
- 71 In Between Invisibility and Recognition: The Sivas Massacre
- 72 The State’s Informal Organisations: Paramilitaries in the Turkish-Kurdish Conflict
- 73 For the Liberation of Women: Three Kurdish Women’s Periodicals
- 74 Reckoning with a Life Lived Like a Storm: Repatriating Enver Pasha
- 75 Finding Nowhereland: Totalitarian Nightmares as a Utopian Vision
- 76 Of Minarets and Bayonets: The Poem that Landed Erdoğan in Jail
- 77 “Turkey in our Hands”: Polemics and Protest against the Headscarf Ban
- 78 “Turkey’s Birthright”: The Promises of Turkish EU Candidacy
- 79 The Return to the Village: Turkey’s State-Building in Kurdistan
- 80 The “Marlboro” Law: A Turning Point in the Neoliberalisation of Rural Turkey
- Zeynep Ceren Eren Benlisoy
- 2003–2012
- 81 Another Period of Hope and Disappointment: Yearning for Inclusivity and Diversity in Turkey
- 82 Towards New Ways: Gendering the New Turkish Penal Code
- 83 Barbecues, Invaded Beaches, and White Turks: Cultural Wars in Turkey
- 84 A High-Rise on Cement: The Turkish Construction Boom
- 85 Darbukas against Dozers: 40 Days and 40 Nights to Save the Sulukule NeighBourhood
- 86 Tutelage’s Terminus: The E-Memorandum by the General Staff
- 87 Contested Power, Weaponised Memoirs: The “Diaries” of Admiral Özden Örnek
- 88 Turkey’s Moment in the World: Davutoğlu and Neo-Ottomanism in Turkey’s Foreign Policy
- 89 “Not Good Enough but Yes”: The Long Shadow of the 2010 Referendum
- 90 Towards Peace or Further Troubles? The People’s Democratic Congress
- 2013–2023
- 91 Solidarity and Diversity: The Gezi Protests
- 92 Puppies, Vegans, and Cheese: Culture Wars in the Age of Populism
- 93 The End of the Peace Process: The Cizre Massacres
- 94 “An Insurrection Instigated by the Parallel Structure”: The Night of the Attempted Coup
- 95 “How’d I Transition?”: Turkish Queer Slang out of the Closet and onto the Stage
- 96 The Return of Local Democracy: The CHP and the İstanbul Metropolitan Municipality
- 97 A Pandemic, a Curfew, and a Resignation: The Politics of COVID-19 in Turkey
- 98 The Decade of Migration: A Politics of Death or Life?
- 99 “Long ago, Enemies Raided Turkish Lands”: Nationalism and Militarism in TV Series
- 100 That’s Nobody’s Business but the Turks’: Rebranding “New Türkiye” for the New Century
- Alp Yenen and Erik-Jan Zürcher
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