Fuels to Drive Our Future

Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309086455
eISBN Pdf: 9780309543194
Place of publication: United States
Year of digital publication: 1990
Month: January
Pages: 236
Language: English

Caption

The American love affair with the automobile is powered by gasoline and diesel fuel, both produced from petroleum. But experts are turning more of their attention to alternative sources of liquid transportation fuels, as concerns mount about U.S. dependence on foreign oil, falling domestic oil production, and the environment.

This book explores the potential for producing liquid transportation fuels by enhanced oil recovery from existing reservoirs, and processing resources such as coal, oil shale, tar sands, natural gas, and other promising approaches.

Fuels to Drive Our Future draws together relevant geological, technical, economic, and environmental factors and recommends specific directions for U.S. research and development efforts on alternative fuel sources.

Of special interest is the book's benchmark cost analysis comparing several major alternative fuel production processes.

This volume will be of special interest to executives and engineers in the automotive and fuel industries, policymakers, environmental and alternative fuel specialists, energy economists, and researchers.

Fuels to Drive Our Future
Copyright
Preface
Contents
Executive Summary
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LIQUID FUELS R&D
  - Major Funding Areas
  - Moderate Funding Areas
  - Modest Funding Areas
1 Introduction
- OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
- U.S. R&D FOR LIQUID FUELS PRODUCTION FROM DOMESTIC RESOURCES
- CURRENT CONCERNS ABOUT ENERGY AND THE U.S. TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
  - Dependence on Imported Petroleum
  - Local Air Quality
  - Global Warming
- INCREASING THE USE OF DOMESTIC RESOURCES
- PLANNING SCENARIOS
  - Economic Scenarios
  - Environmental Scenarios
  - Energy Security Scenarios
- ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY AND REPORT
2 Conventional Petroleum, Enhanced Oil Recovery, and Natural Gas
- REMAINING DOMESTIC OIL AND GAS RESOURCES
  - Oil Resources
  - Gas Resources
  - Natural Gas Liquids
- PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES AND PROCESSES
- UPSTREAM OIL AND GAS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
- TIME AND INVESTMENT REQUIRED FOR INCREASED OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION
- LOSS OF RESERVE GROWTH AND EOR POTENTIAL
- TECHNOLOGICAL OPPORTUNITIES
- DOE RESEARCH PROGRAM
- SUMMARY
3 Production Costs for Alternative Liquid Fuels Sources
- STRUCTURE OF THE ANALYSIS
- COST ESTIMATES FOR THE VARIOUS TECHNOLOGIES
- ISSUES OF FUEL DISTRIBUTION AND USE
  - End-Use Issues
  - Fuel Distribution Issues
- CONCLUSIONS
4 Conversion Technologies and R&D Opportunities
- PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND SYNTHESIS GAS
  - The DOE Program
  - Conclusions and Recommendations
- HEAVY OIL CONVERSION
  - Commercial Processes
  - Processes with Limited Commercial Application
  - Fuel Properties
  - Environmental Considerations
  - Opportunities for Cost Reduction
  - DOE Research Program Recommendations
- TAR SANDS RECOVERY AND PROCESSING
  - Mining
  - Recovery
    - Extraction
    - Retorting
  - Upgrading
  - Environmental Considerations
  - Economics
  - Recommended Areas of Research for DOE
- OIL SHALE
  - State of Technology Development
    - Shale Properties and Process
    - Mining and Disposal
    - Retorting
    - Upgrading
    - Advanced Retorting Technologies
  - Environmental Considerations
  - Potential for Cost Reductions in Oil Shale Processes
  - Recommendations for DOE Research Program for Oil Shale Development
    - Research Areas
  - Timetable for Development of Oil Shale Technology
- SYNGAS-BASED FUELS
  - Methanol from Syngas
  - Methanol-Derived Fuels
    - Methanol to Gasoline (MTG)
    - Methanol Conversion to Olefins and Diesel
    - Methanol for Electricity Generation
  - F-T Synthesis and Product Upgrading
    - Commercial F-T Processes
    - F-T Processes Under Development
  - Economics
  - Conclusion and Recommendations for the DOE Program
- DIRECT COAL LIQUEFACTION
  - Technology
  - Fuel Properties
  - Environmental Considerations
  - Potential Cost Reduction
  - DOE Program on Direct Liquefaction
  - Conclusion
- COAL-OIL COPROCESSING
  - Recent Developments
  - Current Developments
  - Fuel Properties
  - Environmental Considerations
  - Opportunities for Cost Reduction
  - Recommendation for the DOE Program
- COAL PYROLYSIS
  - Description of the Technology
  - Fuel Properties
  - Environmental Considerations
  - Economics
  - Recommendations for DOE Research
- DIRECT CONVERSION OF NATURAL GAS
  - Technology and State of Development
  - Economics
  - Recommendations for the DOE
5 Environmental Impacts of Alternative Fuels
- AIR QUALITY, HEALTH, AND SAFETY EFFECTS
  - Automobile Exhaust Emissions and Air Quality
  - Air Quality Impacts of Diesel Engines
  - Safety
  - Toxicity
  - Conclusions and Recommendations
- GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
  - Conclusion
6 Major Conclusions and Recommendations for R&D on Liquid Transportation Fuels
- OVERVIEW
  - R&D Issues
    - Timing of Commercial Applications
    - Potential Size of the Applications
    - Potential for Cost Reduction
    - Need for DOE Participation
- RESOURCES
  - Petroleum, Heavy Oils, and Tar
  - Natural Gas and Synthesis Gas
  - Coal and Oil Shale Conversion
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  - Major Funding Areas
  - Medium Funding Areas
  - Modest Funding Areas
Appendixes
- A Statement of Task
- B Committee Meetings and Activities
- C U.S. and World Resources of Hydrocarbons
- D Cost Analysis Methods
  - Structure of Analysis
  - Specific Factors
    - Discount Rate
    - Annual Capital Charge Factors
    - Plant Investment Costs
  - Cost Estimates for the Various Technologies
- E Technologies for Converting Heavy Oil
  - Commercial Carbon Rejection Processes
    - Delayed Coking
    - Fluid Coking
    - Flexicoking
    - Resid FCC and Heavy Oil Cracking
  - Developmental Carbon Rejection Processes with Limited Commercial Demonstration
    - Asphalt Residue Treatment (ART) Process
  - Commercial Hydrogen Addition Processes
    - Fixed Bed Residuum or Vacuum Residuum Desulfurization (RDS/VRDS)
    - Bunker Flow or Hycon Process
    - Ebullating Bed Processes
  - Developmental Hydrogen Addition Processes with Limited Commercial Demonstration
- F Retorting Technologies for Oil Shale
  - Hot Gas Retorting Processes
  - Hot Solid Retorting Processes
- G Research, Development, and Demonstration Definitions
  - Research
    - Fundamental Research
    - Exploratory Research
    - Catalyst Development
    - Process Research
  - Development and Demonstration
    - Catalyst Development
    - Process Development
    - Process Demonstration
    - Program Area
- H Coprocessing Technology
- I Technical Data for Coal Pyrolysis
- J Description of Technologies for Direct Conversion of Natural Gas
  - Cold Flame Oxidation
  - Direct Oxidation
  - Oxychlorination
  - Indirect Oxidation (Oxidative Coupling to Ethylene)
  - Catalytic Pyrolysis
  - Strong Acid Conversion
  - Biological Conversion
- K Temperature Characteristics of High-Temperature Gas Reactors
Glossary
References and Bibliography
Index

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