Exposure to toxic chemicals—in the workplace and at home—is increasing every day. Human behavior can be affected by such exposure and can give important clues that a person or population is in danger. If we can understand the mechanisms of these changes, we can develop better ways of testing for toxic chemical exposure and, most important, better prevention programs.
This volume explores the emerging field of neurobehavioral toxicology and the potential of behavior studies as a noninvasive and economical means for risk assessment and monitoring. Pioneers in this field explore its promise for detecting environmental toxins, protecting us from exposure, and treating those who are exposed.
- Behavioral Measures of Neurotoxicity
- Copyright
- SYMPOSIUM CONTRIBUTORS
- PREFACE
- Contents
- INTRODUCTION
- IDENTIFICATION OF BEHAVIORAL TOXIC AGENTS
- MECHANISMS AND SITES OF ACTION
- THE MEASUREMENT OF BEHAVIOR
- THE LIFE SPAN: WHEN TO MEASURE?
- APPROACHES TO RESEARCH
- REGIONAL REQUIREMENTS
- COMMUNICATION
- CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- ARE NEUROTOXINS DRIVING US CRAZY? PLANETARY OBSERVATIONS ON THE CAUSES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES OF OLD AGE
- CLINICAL FEATURES OF WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D
- WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF WESTERN PACIFIC ALS/P-D?
- CYCADS: POISONOUS PLANTS USED FOR MEDICINE AND FOOD
- FROM LATHYRISM TO CYCADISM
- LINKING CYCADS TO ALS IN IRIAN JAYA AND JAPAN
- TIMING OF CYCAD EXPOSURE
- RELEVANCE FOR VETERANS OF THE PACIFIC WAR
- TOXIC COMPONENTS OF CYCADS
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- PART I ASSESSMENT OF NEUROBEHAVIORAL TESTS NOW IN USE
- Methods in Behavioral Toxicology: Current Test Batteries and Need for Development
- TEST BATTERIES NOW IN USE
- Epidemiological and Field Studies
- BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
- BASES OF TEST SELECTION
- THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL CORE TEST BATTERY
- FUTURE DIRECTIONS: SOME CRUCIAL ISSUES
- Neuropsychological Description/Definition of Neurotoxic Syndrome(s)
- Natural History of the Neurotoxic Effects
- Dilemma Between Conservative and Progressive Approaches
- Further Questions of Test Selection
- Simple or Complex Tasks?
- Reliability of Tests and Stability of Functions
- Changes in Personality, Mood, and Affect
- Other Areas for Method Development
- SUMMARY
- References
- The Current Status of Test Development in Neurobehavioral Toxicology
- RESEARCH DESIGN AND TEST SELECTION
- REASONS FOR TEST SELECTION
- RECENT APPROACHES TO TEST BATTERY DESIGN
- Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery
- The Computerized Battery Approach
- Model or Theory-Based Tests and Test Batteries
- INFLUENCE ON TESTING SELECTION OF DIFFERENT OBJECTIVES FOR TESTING
- EXPECTED DIRECTIONS IN TEST DEVELOPMENT
- REMAINING BARRIERS TO TEST DEVELOPMENT
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
- References
- Human Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing
- RATIONALES FOR DEVELOPING TEST BATTERIES
- Finland's Institute of Occupational Health Approach
- Problem-Based Approach
- Approach Recommended by the World Health Organization
- Neurobehavioral Evaluation System Approach
- TARGET ORGAN EFFECTS
- Neurotoxic Chemicals
- Exposure Populations
- Behaviors Affected by Many Chemicals
- NIOSH Recommendations
- Recommendations of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
- POTENTIAL OF TEST BATTERIES TO ASSESS TARGET ORGAN HEALTH EFFECTS
- DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS UNDER WAY
- NOTES
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT AND DISCLAIMER
- References
- Neurobehavioral Tests: Problems, Potential, and Prospects
- TESTS CURRENTLY IN USE
- SOME SPECIFIC POINTS
- Methods in Behavioral Toxicology (Hanninen)
- Current Status of Test Development (Williamson)
- Human Neurobehavioral Tests (Anger)
- THE ADEQUACY OF CURRENT TESTS
- SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN COMPUTER-BASED ASSESSMENT
- Cognitive Componential Models
- Inferential Systems
- IMPLICATIONS FOR NEUROBEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT
- References
- PART II ASSESSMENT OF ANIMAL MODELS: WHAT HAS WORKED AND WHAT IS NEEDED
- Exposure to Neurotoxins Throughout the Life Span: Animal Models for Linking Neurochemical Effects to Behavioral Consequences
- NEUROCHEMICAL CHANGES DURING DEVELOPMENT AND AGING
- THE CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM IN BEHAVIOR
- EFFECTS OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO DFP: FROM BIRTH TO WEANING
- EFFECTS OF EARLY POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO DFP
- EFFECTS OF EXPOSURE TO DFP: SENESCENT RATS
- Genetic (Strain-Specific) Differences in Effects
- Subchronic Intoxication During Senescence
- Time-Course Recovery of mAChRs Following Down-Regulation in Brain of Senescent Rats
- CONCLUSION
- References
- Animal Models of Dementia: Their Relevance to Neurobehavioral Toxicology Testing
- ANIMAL MODELS OF DEMENTIA
- ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
- PHARMACOLOGICAL CHALLENGES
- MEASURING BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS: SPECIFIC PARADIGMS
- Inhibitory (Passive) Avoidance
- Active Avoidance Tasks
- Operant Conditioning
- Maze Learning
- Other Measures
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- References
- Bridging Experimental Animal and Human Behavioral Toxicology Studies
- THE SCOPE AND AGENDA OF BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY
- STATE OF DEVELOPMENT
- BARRIERS TO ADVANCEMENT
- ACCELERATING THE PACE
- References
- Methods and Issues in Evaluating the Neurotoxic Effects of Organic Solvents
- ACUTE SOLVENT EFFECTS
- APPLICATION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIORAL METHODS
- Acute Effects of Single Exposures
- Acute Effects in the Context of Chronic Exposures
- Reinforcing Properties of Organic Solvents
- CHRONIC SOLVENT EFFECTS ON THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
- The Role of Animal Studies
- Neurobehavioral Methods for Screening Sensory and Motor Effects
- Problems in the Interpretation of Human Studies
- Animal Models of Cognitive Effects
- REFERENCES
- Animal Models: What Has Worked and What Is Needed
- PART III CHEMICAL TIME BOMBS: ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSES OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
- On the Identification and Measurement of Chemical Time Bombs: A Behavior Development Perspective
- METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- APPROACHES TO DETECTING BEHAVIORALLY TOXIC SUBSTANCES
- A POTENTIAL TIME BOMB?
- NEW METHODS FOR MEASURING BEHAVIORAL TOXICITY
- ADDITIONAL APPROACHES AND NEW DIRECTIONS
- Multiple Behaviors Can Be Studied
- Comparative Developmental Studies Can Be Undertaken
- Knowledge Concerning Neurocircuitry and Neurochemistry of the Response Is Accumulating
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- Neurobehavioral Time Bombs: Their Nature and Their Mechanisms
- Relations Between Behavior and Chemical Environment
- CHOLINESTERASE IN PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE DEMENTIAS
- Preclinical Studies of Acetylcholinesterase and Behavior
- Acetylcholinesterase in Behavioral Disorders
- THE TRUTH ABOUT A FALSE TRANSMITTER
- NEUROTROPHIC FACTORS AND BEHAVIOR
- Neurotrophic Factors
- Neurotrophic Factors and Their Environments
- Roles During Neuronal Development and Beyond
- Recovery from Morphological Lesions
- Brain Transplants
- Nerve Growth Factor, Brain Implants, and Behavior
- Behavioral Recovery from Brain Lesions
- CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE FUTURE
- NOTE
- References
- Neurobehavioral Toxicity of Selected Environmental Chemicals: Clinical and Subclinical Aspects
- CLINICAL VERSUS SUBCLINICAL NEUROTOXICITY
- NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF SELECTED INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
- Effects in the Developing Nervous System
- Lead
- Mercury
- Polychlorinated Biphenyls
- EFFECTS IN THE ADULT NERVOUS SYSTEM
- CONCLUSION
- Lack of Consistency
- Lack of Developmental Perspective
- Uncertain Health Significance
- References
- The Health Effects of Environmental Lead Exposure: Closing Pandora's Box
- HISTORY OF THE PRESENT PERSPECTIVE ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY OF LEAD
- OVERVIEW OF MODERN STUDIES
- Prospective Studies
- Reproductive Effects
- Early Behavioral Effects of Perinatal Lead Exposure
- Retrospective Studies on Correlation of Lead Body Burden and Behavior in Grade School Children
- Later Behavioral Concomitants of Increased Lead Burden
- Effects of Lead on Other Neuropsychological Endpoints
- Other Health Effects of Environmental Lead Exposure
- CRITICAL ISSUES
- Markers of Lead Exposure
- Statistical Interpretation
- Adequacy of Behavioral Methodology
- Does Lead Contribute to Aging?
- Overview of Cost to Society
- Have Regulatory Agencies Been Slow to Act?
- CLOSING PANDORA'S BOX
- References
- Chemical Time Bombs: Environmental Causes of Neurodegenerative Diseases
- ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR CHEMICAL NEUROTOXICITY
- CLASSIFYING CHEMICALLY INDUCED HUMAN NEUROTOXIC DISORDERS
- THE MATURE NERVOUS SYSTEM AS CHEMICAL TARGET
- DEVELOPING NERVOUS SYSTEM AS CHEMICAL TARGET
- Scientific Basis for Neurobehavioral Toxicity Testing
- CONCLUSION
- Reference
- PART IV BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS OF NEUROTOXICITY: REGIONAL ISSUES
- Neurobehavioral Toxicity Testing in China
- INTRODUCTION
- OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES
- Carbon Disulfide
- Lead
- Simulated Video Display Terminal (VDT) Operation
- Static Magnetic Fields (SMF)
- NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
- Mood States
- Performance Tests
- EXPECTED DIRECTIONS: BARRIERS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Developments in the Near Future
- Developing and Validating Test Methods
- Generating New Measuring Instruments
- Building a Computerized Evaluation System
- Limitations and Barriers
- Variation of Test Sensitivity from Study to Study
- Bias of Learning Effect
- Controlling Confounding Factors
- Interpreting Results Obtained from Neurobehavioral Tests
- Comments and Recommendations
- Training and Education
- Exploring the Possibility of Combining Quantitative Biochemical Markers and Neurobehavioral Testing
- Development, Validation, and Characterization of Methods
- SUMMARY
- Status of Research and Development of Neurobehavioral Toxicity Tests in China
- Expected Directions in the Development of Behavioral Tests of Neurotoxicity
- Problems and Recommendations
- References
- Regional Issues in the Development of the Neurobehavioral Core Test Battery
- INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES
- VALIDATION STUDIES
- AUTOMATED TESTING
- NOTE
- APPENDIX COMPUTERIZED VERSION (MANS) OF SIX OUT OF THE SEVEN TESTS OF THE WHO-NCTB
- References
- Issues in the Development of Neurobehavioral Toxicity Tests in India
- STATUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
- Recognition of a Need
- Centers for Occupational Health and Safety
- DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM AT KANPUR UNIVERSITY
- Exposure to Larvicides, Pesticides, and Insecticides
- Exposures in the Leather Industry
- Effects of Exposure to Lead
- EXPECTED DIRECTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF BEHAVIORAL TESTS OF NEUROTOXICITY
- BARRIERS TO TEST DEVELOPMENT
- Public Awareness
- Interdisciplinary Coordination
- Lack of Appropriate Standards
- Illiteracy
- Drug Abuse and Stress
- Control of Exposure
- Financial Support
- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
- Training and Education
- Inclusion of Neurobehavioral Toxicology as a Full Partner in Occupational Health Programs
- Applied Research
- Communication Networks
- References
- Regional Issues in Neurobehavioral Testing: An Overview
- EFFECTS OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES
- Exposure Characteristics of the Region
- Ethnic Composition of the Region
- Educational and Socioeconomic Characteristics
- Attitudes to Testing in the Region
- STATUS OF WORK IN THE RESEARCH AREA
- Education and Training
- Is the Concept of a Global Test Battery Feasible?
- References
- PART V RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH AND TESTING
- Environmental Modulation of Neurobehavioral Toxicity
- INTRODUCTION
- MODULATION OF LETHALITY
- MODULATION OF OPERANT BEHAVIOR
- PESTICIDES
- RESEARCH DESIGN
- References
- Computerized Performance Testing in Neurotoxicology: Why, What, How, and Whereto?
- WHY MEASURE PERFORMANCE?
- HOW TO MEASURE PERFORMANCE?
- WHAT ELSE TO MEASURE?
- PROS AND CONS OF AUTOMATED TESTING
- DEVELOPMENTS IN SWEDEN
- DESCRIPTION OF THE SWEDISH PERFORMANCE EVALUATION SYSTEM
- EMPIRICAL BACKGROUND AND APPLICATIONS
- Standardization Study
- Simple Reaction Time Standardization
- Clinical Validation of the Battery
- Clinical Trial with SPESl
- Other Studies
- RESULTS
- Standardization Study
- Reliability Coefficients
- Sex Differences
- Age Differences
- Educational Level
- Other Individual Differences
- Fatigue and Learning Effects
- Factor Analysis of Response Time
- Other Data on the Stability of Performance Measures
- Simple Reaction Time Standardization
- Reaction Time Distribution
- Effects of Time on Task
- Discriminatory Power of Different Performance Indices
- CLINICAL VALIDATION STUDY
- General Results
- Descriptive Statistics
- Discriminatory Power
- CLINICAL TRIAL WITH SPESL
- POSSIBLE FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF SPES
- APPENDIX
- Description of Performance Tasks
- Description of the Self-Rating Scales
- References
- The Scope and Promise of Behavioral Toxicology
- ANTECEDENTS OF BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY
- BEHAVIORAL PHARMACOLOGY
- Workplace Exposure Criteria
- Standards in the Soviet Union
- Public Awareness
- Toxic Torts
- SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIORAL TOXICOLOGY
- Basic Themes
- Clinical and Behavioral Criteria
- Methylmercury as Prototype
- Individual Differences
- THE REMOTE FUTURE
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- References
- APPENDIX SYMPOSIUM AGENDA
- INDEX
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