Enhancing Human Performance

Issues, Theories, and Techniques

Autor: Swets, John A.; Druckman, Daniel
Editor: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309074650
eISBN Pdf: 9780309573993
Lugar de publicación: Estados Unidos
Año de publicación digital: 1988
Mes: Enero
Páginas: 312
Idioma: Ingles

Descripción

In its evaluation, Enhancing Human Performance reviews the relevant materials, describes each technique, makes recommendations in some cases for further scientific research and investigation, and notes applications in military and industrial settings. The techniques address a wide range of goals, from enhancing classroom learning to improving creativity and motor skills.

Enhancing Human Performance
Copyright
Contents
PREFACE
PART I OVERVIEW
- 1 Introduction
  - THE COMMITTEE'S TASK
  - THE ARMY'S NEEDS
  - A SELLER'S MARKET
  - IMPROVED PERFORMANCE: COMPLEX ISSUES, SIMPLE SOLUTIONS
  - EVALUATING THE TECHNIQUES
- 2 Findings and Conclusions
  - GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
    - Scientific Evidence
    - Testimonials as Evidence
    - Conditions for Implementation
    - Rational Decision Making
    - Mechanisms for Advice
    - Bidding Procedures
  - SPECIFIC FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
    - Learning During Sleep
    - Accelerated Learning
    - Improving Motor Skills
    - Altering Mental States
    - Stress Management
    - Influence Strategies
    - Group Cohesion
    - Parapsychology
- 3 Evaluation Issues
  - STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING BASIC RESEARCH
  - STANDARDS FOR EVALUATING FIELD TESTS OF PROGRAMS
    - The Organizational Context
    - Describing a Program's Consequences
      - Immediate Effects
      - Side Effects
    - Assigning Value to Pilot Programs
      - Meeting Needs
      - Likelihood of Transfer
      - Contrast with Alternatives
  - CURRENT STATUS OF ARMY EVALUATIONS
  - QUALITATIVE APPROACHES
PART II PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
- 4 Learning
  - LEARNING DURING SLEEP
    - Other Types of Learning Without Awareness
      - Types of Knowledge
      - Measurement of Memory "Strength"
      - Remembering With and Without Awareness
    - Potential Applications of Learning During Sleep
      - Applications of Learning During Verified Sleep
      - Applications of Disrupted-Sleep Learning
    - Direction and Design of Future Research
      - Research on Stimulus-Driven Learning During EEG-Verified Sleep
      - Research on Sleep-Disrupted Learning
    - Sources of Information
  - ACCELERATED LEARNING
    - Packaged Programs for Accelerated Learning
    - The SALTT Classroom
    - The Evidence
      - Assumed Theoretical Support
      - Support for Traditional Instructional Components
        Generation and Elaboration
        Spacing of Repetitions
        Imagery
        Songs and Rhythm as Mnemonic Devices
        Cooperative Learning
        Advanced Organizers
        Tests as Motivational Devices and Learning Events
      - Review of the SALTT Learning Literature
        Testimonial Evidence
        Confounding Factors
        Weak Designs and Questionable Interpretations
      - Independent Evaluations
    - Direction and Design of Future Research
    - Sources of Information
- 5 Improving Motor Skills
  - MENTAL PRACTICE
    - Previous Reviews
    - Theoretical Explanations for Mental Practice
    - SyberVision®
    - Conclusions
  - VISUAL CONCENTRATION
    - Cognitive-Behavioral Techniques
    - Visual Training Programs
      - The ProVision Training Program
      - Research Literature on Visual Training
      - Direction and Design of Future Research
    - Conclusions
  - BIOFEEDBACK
    - Electromyography
    - Electroencephalography
      - Spontaneous EEG Activity
      - Event-Related Potentials
      - Slow Potentials
    - Heart Rate
      - Concurrent Task Performance
      - Economy of Effort in Static and Dynamic Exercise
    - Respiration
    - Thermal Self-Regulation
    - Multiple Autonomic Responses
    - Conclusions
  - SOURCES OF INFORMATION
- 6 Altering Mental States
  - ALTERING MENTAL STATES FOR PEAK PERFORMANCE
  - BRAIN ASYMMETRY
    - The Nature of Hemispheric Differences
    - Information-Processing Capacity
    - Hemisphericity
    - Synchronizing Hemispheric Activity
    - Conclusions
- 7 Stress Management
  - STRESS IN THE MILITARY
  - THE NATURE OF STRESS
  - STRESS REDUCTION: GENERAL APPROACHES AND CONSIDERATIONS
    - Individual and Intrapsychic Approaches
      - Arousal Reduction
        Relaxation Training
        Biofeedback
      - Cognitive Restructuring
      - Behavioral Skills Training
    - Strategies for Changing the Environment
  - STRESS REDUCTION IN MILITARY SETTINGS
    - Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
      - Symptoms and Diagnosis
      - Treatment of PTSD
    - Preventive Programs
  - CONCLUSION AND AN ETHICAL NOTE
- 8 Social Processes
  - STRATEGIES FOR INTERPERSONAL INFLUENCE
    - Attitude Change Through Persuasive Communications
    - Organizational Development Programs
    - Neurolinguistic Programming
      - Basic Features of NLP
      - Internal Consistency of NLP
      - Research on NLP
      - Current Status of NLP
      - Unintended Consequences of NLP
      - NLP as a Modeling System
      - Transfer of Technology
    - Conclusions
  - GROUP COHESION AND ORGANIZATIONAL EFFECTS
    - Evidence from Basic Research
      - Cohesion in Small Groups
        Causes of Group Cohesion
        Consequences of Group Cohesion
      - Cohesion in Organizations
        Organizational Development Studies
        Organizational Commitment Studies
        Organizational Culture Studies
      - Conclusions
    - Potential Approaches to Developing Cohesion in Large Organizations
      - Implications from Research on Cohesion
        Feasibility
        Effectiveness
      - Implications from Research on Organizational Culture
        Horizontal Cohesion
        Vertical Cohesion
        Cultural Conflict
    - Potential Consequences of Cohesion
      - Positive Consequences
      - Negative Consequences
        Ineffective Handling of Deviance
        Groupthink
        Increased Impact of any Existing Negative Norms
        Increased Intergroup Conflict
    - Application Issues
      - Knowledge Base
      - Feasibility and Costs
        At What Organizational Level Should Efforts Begin?
        Where Should the Bonding Be Focused?
        How Much Time and Cost Are Required?
        What Are the Most Cost-Effective Methods of Building Cohesion?
      - Potential Gains and Losses
  - SOURCES OF INFORMATION
PART III PARAPSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES
- 9 Paranormal Phenomena
  - BACKGROUND
    - The Nature of the Phenomena
    - Potential Military Applications
    - The Committee's Focus
  - STANDARDS OF EVIDENCE
    - Minimal Criteria
    - Global Criteria
  - EVALUATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE
    - Research on Remote Viewing
      - The SRI Remote Viewing Program
      - Scientific Assessment of Remote Viewing
    - Research on Random Number Generators
      - The Basic Paradigm
      - Results of the Experiments
      - Scientific Assessment of the RNG Experiments
    - Research on the Ganzfeld
      - The Ganzfeld Experiments
      - Critique of the Ganzfeld Experiments
    - Research on Electrical Activity and Emotional States
      - The Backster Laboratory
      - Critique of the Backster Experiment
    - Discussion of the Scientific Evidence
  - THE PROBLEM OF QUALITATIVE EVIDENCE
    - Qualitative Evidence and Subjective Biases
    - Examples of Problematic Beliefs
    - Discussion of Qualitative Evidence
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - SOURCES OF INFORMATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIXES
- A Summary of Techniques: Theory, Research, and Applications
  - Sleep-Assisted Instruction
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Suggestive Accelerative Learning and Teaching Techniques (SALTT)
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Guided Imagery or Rehearsal
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Biofeedback
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Hemi-Sync
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Stress Management
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Neurolinguistic Programming
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Cohesion
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
  - Parapsychology
    - Theory and Assumptions
    - Key Elements
    - Tasks and Designs
    - Performances Assessed
    - Examples of Results
    - Applications
    - Comments
- B Background Papers
  - Evaluation Issues
  - Learning
  - Strategies to Improve Performance
  - Stress Management
  - Social Processes
  - Parapsychological Techniques
- C Committee Activities
  - Subcommittee on Evaluation Issues
  - Subcommittee on Sleep Learning
  - Subcommittee on Accelerated Learning
  - Subcommittee on Guided Imagery
  - Subcommittee on Biofeedback
  - Subcomittee on Split-Brain Effects
  - Subcommittee on Stress Management
  - Subcommittee on Cohesion
  - Subcommittee on Influence
  - Subcommittee on Parapsychology
  - Special Briefings
- D Key Terms
  - Biofeedback and Stress Management
  - Cohesion
  - Hemispheric Laterality
  - Imagery and Rehearsal
  - Neurolinguistic Programming
  - Parapsychology
  - Sleep Learning
  - Suggestive Accelerated Learning Techniques
- E Military Applications of Scientific Information
  - Sources of "Error" in the Research and Development Process
    - Within-Step Sources of Error
    - Between-Step Sources of Error
  - Decisions Involved in the Research and Development Process
    - Decisions Leading to Basic Research
    - Decisions Leading to Applied Research and Early Development
    - Decisions Leading to Advanced Development
    - Decisions Leading to Engineering Development
    - Decisions Leading to Implementation
    - Decisions Leading to Sustainment
  - Conclusions
  - References
- F Biographical Sketches
INDEX