During the 1950s and 1960s, the U.S. Army conducted atmospheric dispersion tests in many American cities using fluorescent particles of zinc cadmium sulfide (ZnCdS) to develop and verify meteorological models to estimate the dispersal of aerosols. Upon learning of the tests, many citizens and some public health officials in the affected cities raised concerns about the health consequences of the tests. This book assesses the public health effects of the Army's tests, including the toxicity of ZnCdS, the toxicity of surrogate cadmium compounds, the environmental fate of ZnCdS, the extent of public exposures from the dispersion tests, and the risks of such exposures.
- TOXICOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF THE ARMY'S ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE DISPERSION TESTS
- Copyright
- OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
- OTHER RECENT REPORTS OF THE COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY
- PREFACE
- Contents
- SUMMARY
- TASKS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE
- SOURCES OF INFORMATION
- INPUT FROM THE PUBLIC
- OPEN LITERATURE AND UNPUBLISHED REPORTS
- CONCLUSIONS
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- TOXICOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ZNCDS: AVAILABILITY OF CADMIUM FROM ZNCDS
- TOXICITY
- TOXICITY OF SELECTED CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- RISK ASSESSMENT OF ZNCDS EXPOSURES
- SCIENTIFIC FEASIBILITY OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- 1 INTRODUCTION
- ZNCDS DISPERSION TESTS
- PUBLIC CONCERN IN RESPONSE TO ZNCDS DISPERSION TESTS
- TASKS OF THE SUBCOMMITTEE
- SOURCES OF DATA
- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
- 2 INPUT FROM THE PUBLIC
- NATURE OF COMMENTS
- SPECIFIC HEALTH PROBLEMS
- CONCLUSIONS
- 3 TOXICITY AND RELATED DATA ON ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- TOXICOKINETICS AND BIOAVAILABILITY OF ZNCDS: AVAILABILITY OF CADMIUM FROM ZNCDS
- TOXICITY
- IMPLICATIONS OF VARIABLE COMPOSITION
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- 4 TOXICITY AND RELATED DATA ON SELECTED CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- TOXICOKINETICS OF CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- INSOLUBLE CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- SOLUBLE CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- TOXICITY OF CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- NONCANCER EFFECTS
- IN VIVO INSOLUBLE CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- IN VIVO SOLUBLE CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- GENOTOXICITY OF CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- CARCINOGENICITY OF CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- LUNG CANCER
- PROSTATIC CANCER
- OTHER CANCERS
- CONCLUSIONS
- 5 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- CADMIUM
- CONCLUSIONS
- 6 RISK CHARACTERIZATION OF EXPOSURES TO ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- RISK ASSESSMENT FOR NONCANCER HEALTH EFFECTS
- RISK ASSESSMENT FOR CANCER
- LUNG-CANCER POTENCY OF CADMIUM
- LUNG-CANCER RISK ESTIMATES
- UNCERTAINTY OF LUNG-CANCER RISK ESTIMATES
- OTHER ROUTES OF EXPOSURE
- CONCLUSIONS
- 7 SCIENTIFIC FEASIBILITY OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
- NATURE OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC INVESTIGATIONS
- KEY METHODOLOGIC ISSUES
- TYPES OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES
- CONCLUSIONS
- 8 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- INPUT FROM THE PUBLIC
- TOXICITY AND RELATED DATA ON ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- TOXICITY AND RELATED DATA ON SELECTED CADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
- RISK ASSESSMENT OF ZNCDS EXPOSURES
- FEASIBILITY OF EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX A HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE U.S. BIOLOGIC-WARFARE PROGRAM
- APPENDIX B SUMMARY OF DOSES AND CONCENTRATIONS OF ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE PARTICLES FROM THE ARMY'S DISPERSION TESTS
- APPENDIX C CORRESPONDENCE FROM THE ARMY
- APPENDIX D INTERACTION OF ZINC AND CADMIUM AND TOXICITY OF ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE ACTIVATORS
- APPENDIX E PUBLIC MEETING AGENDAS
- APPENDIX F SAMPLING AND ANALYTIC METHODS FOR ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- APPENDIX G REVIEW OF AEHA RISK-ASSESSMENT REPORTS ON ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- APPENDIX H REVIEW OF EPA, ATSDR, AND CDC COMMENTS ON THE ARMY'S RISK-ASSESSMENT REPORTS ON ZINC CADMIUM SULFIDE
- APPENDIX I CADMIUM EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT, TRANSPORT, AND ENVIRONMENT FATE
- Glossary
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