The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has measured numerous airborne contaminants in spacecraft during space missions because of the potential toxicological hazards to humans that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions.
This volume reviews the spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for various contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with recommendations in the National Research Council's 1992 volume Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants.
- Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS: Introduction
- SUMMARY OF REPORT ON GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SMACS
- REVIEW OF SMAC REPORTS
- REFERENCES
- Appendix A GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION...
- GUIDELINES FOR DEVELOPING SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SPACE STATION CONTAMINANTS ...
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEM
- MODIFICATION OF CONTAMINANT TOXICITY BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- SOURCES AND TYPES OF DATA FOR ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS
- Chemical-Physical Characteristics of Toxicants
- In Vitro Toxicity Studies
- Animal Toxicity Studies
- Clinical and Epidemiological Observations
- Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism
- Biological Markers
- RISK ASSESSMENT (DEVELOPMENT OF EXPOSURE CRITERIA)
- ISSUES IN MAKING RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SMACS
- Appendix B REPORTS ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS FOR SELECTED AIRBORNE CONTAMINANTS
- B1 BROMOTRIFLUOROMETHANE (HALON 1301)
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Human Exposures
- CNS Effects
- Cardiac Effects
- Irritation
- Animal Exposures
- CNS Effects
- Cardiac Effects
- Histopathology and Mortality
- Subchronic Exposures
- Developmental Toxicity
- Mutagenicity
- Carcinogenicity
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Studies Not Considered in Setting ACs
- Studies on ''Impure'' Halon 1301
- Studies on Irritation
- Studies on Short-Term Exposures of Animals
- Studies Considered in Setting ACs
- Studies on CNS Effects in Humans
- Studies on Cardiovascular Effects in Humans
- Studies on Subchronic Exposures in Animals
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- REFERENCES
- B2 1-BUTANOL
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Elimination
- Metabolism
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Irritation
- CNS Effects
- Light Adaptation
- Hepatotoxicity
- Lethality
- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
- Inhalation Exposures
- Oral Exposures
- Epidemiological Studies in Workers
- Genotoxicity
- Reproductive Toxicity
- Developmental Toxicity
- Interaction with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Irritation and Inflammation of the Eyes
- CNS Effects
- Long-Term Systemic Injury
- Spaceflight Effects
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B3 TERT-BUTANOL
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Elimination
- Metabolism
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Subchronic Exposures
- Chronic Exposures
- Genotoxicity
- Reproductive Toxicity
- Developmental Toxicity
- Interaction with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- CNS Effects
- Renal Lesions and Tumors
- Urinary-Bladder Injury
- Thyroid Lesions and Tumors
- Spaceflight Effects
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B4 DIACETONE ALCOHOL
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Elimination
- Metabolism
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
- Genotoxicity
- Reproductive Toxicity
- Developmental Toxicity
- Interactions with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- CNS Depression
- Irritation of Eyes and Throat
- Potential Liver Injury
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B5 DICHLOROACETYLENE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Elimination
- Metabolism
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute Exposures
- Short-Term Exposures
- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
- Noncancer Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Biological Interactions
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Nephrotoxicity
- Hepatotoxicity
- Neurotoxicity
- Lethality
- Summary
- REFERENCES
- B6 1, 2-DICHLOROETHANE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Lethality
- Cause of Death and Internal Injuries
- Miscellaneous Symptoms
- CNS Depression
- Corneal Opacity
- Bacterial Respiratory Infection
- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
- Miscellaneous Symptoms
- Gastroenterological and Hepatic Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Developmental Toxicity
- Interaction with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- CNS Effects
- Gastrointestinal Symptoms
- Liver Toxicity
- Impaired Host Defense
- Carcinogenesis
- Establishment of SMACs
- REFERENCES
- B7 ETHANOL
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption
- Distribution
- Excretion
- Metabolism
- Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism Before 1900
- Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism by 1950
- Present Understanding of Ethanol Metabolism
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Neurotoxicity
- Mucosal Irritation
- Flush Response
- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
- Hepatotoxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity
- Reproductive Toxicity
- Developmental Toxicity
- Interaction with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Neurotoxicity
- Mucosal and Eye Irritation
- Hepatotoxicity
- Flush Response
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B8 ETHYLBENZENE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute and Short-Term Exposures
- Lethality
- Eye and Respiratory Irritation
- CNS Effects
- Subchronic Exposures
- Lethality
- NOAELs for All Measured Effects
- Respiratory Distress, CNS Effects
- Neurochemical Changes
- Chronic Exposures
- Sleepiness, Fatigue, Eye, and Respiratory Irritation and Headache
- Carcinogenicity
- Kidney and Liver Changes
- Testicular Toxicity
- Genotoxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Interactions with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Eye and Respiratory Irritation
- Testicular Toxicity
- Sleepiness and Headache
- Spaceflight Considerations
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B9 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption
- Metabolism
- Excretion
- Toxicokinetics
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute or Short-Term Exposures
- Lethality
- CNS, Cardiopulmonary, and Renal Toxicity
- Metabolic Acidosis and Miscellaneous Signs and Symptoms
- Mucosal Irritation
- Subchronic and Chronic Exposures
- Mucosal Irritation and Eye Toxicity
- CNS Effects
- Renal Toxicity
- Potential Effect on the Liver
- Potential Hematological Effects
- Lethality
- Carcinogenesis
- Genotoxicity
- Reproductive Toxicity
- Developmental Toxicity
- Interaction with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Mucosal Irritation
- CNS Depression
- Renal Toxicity
- Establishment of SMAC Values
- RECOMMENDATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B10 GLUTARALDEHYDE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Background
- Acute Exposures
- Irritation and Depressed Weight Gain
- Respiratory Distress
- Hepatitis
- Lethality
- Genotoxicity
- Subchronic Exposures
- Lethality
- Irritation, Hematological Effects, and Decreased Organ Weights
- Contact Dermatitis
- Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes
- Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Interactions with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Respiratory Difficulty, Rhinitis, Headache, Watering of the Eyes
- Lesions of the Respiratory Tract
- Hepatitis
- SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS
- REFERENCES
- B11 TRICHLOROETHYLENE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- OCCURRENCE AND USE
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- Absorption and Distribution
- Elimination
- Metabolism
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute Exposures
- Short-Term and Subchronic Exposures
- Chronic Exposures
- Noncarcinogenicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Genotoxicity
- Reproductive and Developmental Effects
- Interactions with Other Chemicals
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- CNS Effects
- Cardiac Sensitization to Arrhythmia
- Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity
- Carcinogenesis
- REFERENCES
- B12 XYLENE
- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
- TOXICOKINETICS AND METABOLISM
- TOXICITY SUMMARY
- Acute Exposures
- Subchronic Exposures
- Chronic Exposures
- Carcinogenicity and Genotoxicity
- Gastrointestinal Effects in Humans
- RATIONALE FOR ACCEPTABLE CONCENTRATIONS
- Lethality
- 1-h and 24-h ACs in Humans
- 1-h and 24-h ACs in Rats
- Throat Irritation
- 1-h and 24-h ACs
- 7-d 30-d, and 180-d ACs
- Eye Irritation
- Histopathological Changes
- Narcosis
- Reduced Cardiac Output
- SPACEFLIGHT CONSIDERATIONS
- REFERENCES
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