Many coastal communities have built structures at their beaches and added quantities of sand in contoured designs to combat erosion. Are such beach nourishment projects technically and economically sound? Or are they nothing more than building sand castles, as critics claim?
Beach Nourishment and Protection provides a sound technical basis for decision-making, with recommendations regarding the utility of beach nourishment, the appropriate role of federal agencies, responsibility for cost, design methodology, and other issues.
This volume:
- Examines the economic and social role of beaches, the history of beach nourishment projects, and management strategies for shore protection.
- Discusses the role of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and other federal agencies, with a close-up look at the federal flood insurance program.
- Explores the state of the art in project design and prediction of outcomes, including the controversy over the use of traditional and nontraditional shore protection devices.
- Addresses what is known about the environmental impacts of beach nourishment.
- Identifies what outcomes should be targeted for continued monitoring by project officials.
Beach Nourishment and Protection provides insight into the technical, economic, environmental, and policy implications of beach nourishment and protection, with examples and suggested research directions.
- Beach Nourishment and Protection
- Copyright
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- BACKGROUND
- THE NRC STUDY
- REPORT ORGANIZATION
- Contents
- Beach Nourishment and Protection
- Executive Summary
- DOES BEACH NOURISHMENT WORK?
- HOW SHOULD SUCCESS BE MEASURED?
- IS BEACH NOURISHMENT ECONOMICALLY JUSTIFIED?
- Assessing and Allocating Costs and Benefits
- Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Improving Cost-Benefit Analysis
- HOW CAN BEACH NOURISHMENT APPLICATIONS BE IMPROVED?
- Management and Public Policy
- Public Involvement
- Availability of Nourishment Material
- Project Scope
- Borrow Areas
- Timing for Federal Beach Nourishment Projects
- Commitments for Long-Term Program Maintenance
- Emergency Maintenance and Contingency Plans
- Environmental Planning and Monitoring
- Improving the Technical Basis for Decision Making
- WHAT IS THE APPROPRIATE ROLE OF FIXED SHORE PROTECTION STRUCTURES?
- Fixed Structures
- Nontraditional Shore Protection Devices
- WHAT IS THE ROLE OF BEACH NOURISHMENT IN FLOOD PROTECTION AND DISASTER ASSISTANCE?
- Flood Protection
- Disaster Assistance
- 1 Introduction
- THE CHANGING SHORE
- Shore Protection
- Beach Nourishment Issues
- PHYSICAL ELEMENTS
- The Beach
- Regional Differences
- Pacific Coast
- Great Lakes Region
- Gulf Coast
- Atlantic Coast
- Arctic Coast
- Hawaii and Midocean Island Coasts
- Definitions
- Long-Term Uncertainties
- Geographical Scope
- REFERENCES
- 2 Management Strategies for Shore Protection
- THE DECISION PROCESS
- PROJECT FORMULATION AND DESIGN
- Public Expectations About Design Performance
- Legal and Regulatory Constraints
- UNCERTAINTIES, RISK, AND THE MEASUREMENT OF SUCCESS
- Primary Uncertainties
- Severity and Frequency of Storms
- Sediment Sources and Quality
- Public Policies and Priorities
- Secondary Uncertainties
- Risk
- Measurement of Success
- PAYING FOR BEACH NOURISHMENT
- ECONOMIC ISSUES
- Costs and Benefits of Beach Nourishment Projects
- Special Features of the Beach Nourishment Problem
- Time Horizon
- Alternative Scenarios
- Financing and the Distributional Implications of Beach Nourishment Projects
- PUBLIC SUPPORT FOR BEACH NOURISHMENT
- Purpose of Beach Replenishment
- Commitment Required for a Replenished Beach
- Gauging the Realism of Cost Projections
- Visible Beach Versus the Underwater Beach
- Use of Hard Structures
- Cost-Sharing Responsibilities
- Gauging the Success of a Replenished Beach
- REFERENCES
- 3 The Federal Role in Beach Nourishment
- THE U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
- THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION
- THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
- The National Flood Insurance Program
- Program Overview
- Program Management Issues
- Relating Beach Nourishment to the NFIP
- THE U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
- National Marine and Coastal Geology Program
- THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE
- EROSION HAZARD REDUCTION PROGRAMS OF FEDERAL AGENCIES
- Technical Premises for Protecting Natural Beaches
- Program Planning
- Correlating Beach Nourishment Project Performance with Coastal Floodplain Hazard Mitigation
- ACCREDITING BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECTS TO QUALIFY FOR FLOOD INSURANCE BENEFITS
- ADDRESSING BEACH NOURISHMENT IN THE NFIP
- A STRATEGY FOR REDUCING COASTAL HAZARDS
- REFERENCES
- 4 Beach Nourishment Project Design and Prediction
- THE DESIGN PROCESS
- NOURISHMENT OBJECTIVES AND CONSTRAINTS
- SIGNIFICANT PROCESSES IN DESIGN
- Profile Equilibration
- Alongshore Spreading
- DIVERSITY OF SETTINGS FOR BEACH NOURISHMENT
- USE OF STRUCTURES AND OTHER SHORE PROTECTION DEVICES IN CONJUNCTION WITH BEACH NOURISHMENT
- Use of Hard Structures with Beach Nourishment
- Use of Nontraditional Shore Protection Devices
- LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING MODELS AND METHODS
- PREDICTION
- Preliminary Design
- Detailed Design
- SAND SOURCES—A CONSIDERATION IN PROJECT DESIGN
- Sediment Sources and Construction of Projects
- Locating and Assessing Offshore Sand Deposits
- SAND BYPASSING AS A SOURCE
- Availability of Suitable Sources
- SAND TRANSFER EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
- EROSIONAL HOT SPOTS
- FEDERAL DESIGN PROCEDURES
- POSTCONSTRUCTION DESIGN REFINEMENT AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
- SAND BYPASS SYSTEMS AND HYBRID SYSTEMS
- PROFESSIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR DESIGN
- REFERENCES
- 5 Environmental Issues Associated with Beach
- SUBAERIAL BEACH HABITATS
- SUBTIDAL BEACH HABITATS
- BORROW SOURCE AREAS
- RESTORATION OF ABANDONED PROJECTS
- REFERENCES
- 6 Monitoring
- OVERVIEW
- Types of Monitoring
- Purposes of Monitoring
- Phases of Monitoring
- Scale and Duration of Monitoring Programs
- PHYSICAL MONITORING
- Previous History of Site
- Beach Profiles
- Waves
- Currents
- Water Levels
- Structures
- Sediment Characteristics
- Photographic Documentation
- BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
- ECONOMIC MONITORING
- REFERENCES
- 7 Conclusions and Recommendations
- GENERAL FINDINGS
- SPECIFIC FINDINGS
- Design
- Structural Alternatives
- Fixed Structures
- Nontraditional Shore Protection Devices
- Relevance of Sea-Level Rise
- Major Management Issues
- Public Involvement
- Commitments for Long-Term Project Maintenance
- Emergency Maintenance and Contingency Plans
- Project Scope
- Measures of Success
- Environmental and Monitoring Issues
- Costs and Benefits
- Assessing and Allocating Costs and Benefits
- Cost-benefit Analysis
- Coordination of Navigation and Shore Protection Projects
- Flood Protection
- Role of Beach Nourishment
- Qualification of Engineered Beaches for Disaster Assistance
- Shore Construction Standards
- Research Needs to Support Design and Prediction Capabilities
- Directional Wave Data
- Erosion Data
- APPENDIXES
- APPENDIX A Biographical Sketches
- APPENDIX B Papers Prepared for this Study*
- APPENDIX C Prediction of Beach Nourishment Performance
- INTRODUCTION
- METHODS FOR PREDICTING BEACH NOURISHMENT PROJECT EVOLUTION
- Simple Analytical Procedures
- Equilibrium Dry Beach Width
- Planform Evolution
- Project Longevity for Simplest Case
- Fill Performance with a Uniform Background Recession Rate, E
- Effect of Wave Refraction Around the Project
- Residual Bathymetry
- Numerical Models for Predicting Beach Nourishment Performance
- Computer Models of Alongshore Shoreline Evolution
- Profile Evolution
- NOURISHMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF STRUCTURES
- Retention Structures
- Seawalls
- INVARIANTS
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX D Design of Beach Nourishment Projects
- INTRODUCTION
- DESIGN HISTORY
- DESIGN METHODS
- The Design Beach
- Advanced-Fill Design
- Sand Compatibility
- Design and Construction Profiles
- PLACEMENT OF NOURISHED SEDIMENT ON THE BEACH PROFILE
- The Netherlands Method
- The German Method
- EVALUATION OF THE STATE OF THE ART OF DESIGN PRACTICE
- DESIGN FOR SEA-LEVEL RISE
- SAND BYPASS SYSTEMS
- MEASURING SUCCESS
- HYBRID PROJECTS
- Detached Breakwaters
- Groins
- Sand-Tight Jetties
- Revetments, Seawalls, and Bulkheads
- Submerged Sill (Perched Beach)
- RISK ASSESSMENT
- Risk Considerations in Beach Fill Design
- Risk Relative to Storm Intensities and Nourishment Intervals
- Sample Calculation of Probability for a Storm Return Period
- Probabilistic Design
- Risk Determination by Simulating the Performance of Beach Fills
- BEACH NOURISHMENT AND THE BUDGET OF LITTORAL SEDIMENTS
- VENEER BEACH FILLS
- Beach Veneer Experience
- Corpus Christi, Texas
- Key West, Florida
- Grand Isle, Louisiana
- Assessment of Veneer Fills
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX E Economic Concepts and Issues: Social Costs and Benefits of Beach Nourishment Projects
- INTRODUCTION
- ECONOMIC VALUATION OR THE ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL COSTS AND BENEFITS
- BEACH NOURISHMENT COSTS AND BENEFITS
- Benefits Categories
- Changes in Value Related to Changes in Storm Damage Reduction
- Consumer Surplus (or Willingness to Pay) by Recreationists Visiting the Beach
- Changes in Amenity Values
- Changes in Commercial Profits Related to Beach-Quality
- Downstream Benefits
- Ecological Benefits
- Local Amenities and Quality of Life
- Costs Categories
- Opportunity Costs
- Negative Downstream or Ecological Effects
- Negative Effects on Local Amenities and Quality of Life
- Increased Infrastructure Burdens
- Development-Induced Increases in Risk
- Analysis of Costs and Benefits Concepts
- SPECIAL FEATURES OF THE BEACH NOURISHMENT PROBLEM
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX F Project Construction and Sediment Sources, Transfer, and Placement
- SEDIMENT SOURCES
- Offshore Sources
- Locating and Assessing Offshore Sand Deposits
- Use of Offshore Sand Deposits for Beach Fill
- Inlet Sources
- Beach Sources
- Littoral Drift
- Sand Bypassing
- Inland Sources
- Riverine Sources
- Dunes
- Beach Ridge Deposits
- Back Bay Sand Deposits
- Nonindigenous and Artificial Sand Sources
- Oolitic Sands
- Crushed Rock
- TRANSPORT AND PLACEMENT
- Dredging Resources
- Equipment Types and Capabilities/Limitations
- Hopper Dredges
- Cutter-Suction Dredges
- Continuous Pumping Process
- Equipment Combinations
- Choosing the Right Dredging Equipment
- Trade-offs in Design and Construction
- Effects of Sediment Character on Construction
- Implications of Borrow Site Configurations and Location
- Depth Constraints and Accessibility
- Implications of Distant and Deepwater Sources
- Other Design Impacts on Construction Costs
- Local and Seasonal Weather Conditions
- Borrow Site Considerations
- Construction Site Requirements
- Public Access and Disturbance During Construction
- Contractual Constraints
- Project Schedule Requirements
- Payment Items
- Dredging Industry Considerations
- Future Needs
- Greater Efficiency in Offshore Conditions
- Ability to Mine Deeper Sand Deposits and Deliver Farther
- Long-Distance Transport of Material
- Project Quality Control
- Alternative Construction Concepts
- Regional Project Design
- Stockpiling and Redistributing Navigation Dredging Material
- Storm Emergency Fleet
- Sand Bypass Systems
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX G Physical Processes Monitoring
- PURPOSES OF MONITORING
- PHASES OF MONITORING
- SCALE AND DURATION OF MONITORING PROGRAMS
- PHYSICAL PROCESSES MONITORING
- Previous History of a Project Area and Adjacent Areas
- Beach Profiles
- Waves
- Currents
- Water Levels
- Sediment Characteristics
- Structures
- Borrow Areas
- Special Studies
- Global Positioning Systems
- Geographical Information Systems
- Photographic Documentation
- THIRD-PARTY MONITORING
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX H U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Design Criteria
- APPENDIX I Excerpts from Federal Laws Pertaining to Placement of Sand from Channel Maintenance
- PUBLIC LAW 94-587 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1976
- PUBLIC LAW 99-662 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1986
- PUBLIC LAW 100-676 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1988
- PUBLIC LAW 102-580 WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 1992
- SECTION 145 OF PUBLIC LAW 94-587 (AS AMENDED)
- Index
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