Sources of Medical Technology

Universities and Industry

Auteur: Dawkins, Holly; Gelijns, Annetine C.; Rosenberg, Nathan
Éditeur: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309051897
eISBN Pdf: 9780309587617
eISBN Epub: 9780309176682
Lieu de publication: United States
Année de publication électronique: 1995
Mois : Janvier
Pages: 255
DDC: 615
Langue: Anglais

Légende

Evidence suggests that medical innovation is becoming increasingly dependent on interdisciplinary research and on the crossing of institutional boundaries. This volume focuses on the conditions governing the supply of new medical technologies and suggest that the boundaries between disciplines, institutions, and the private and public sectors have been redrawn and reshaped. Individual essays explore the nature, organization, and management of interdisciplinary R&D in medicine; the introduction into clinical practice of the laser, endoscopic innovations, cochlear implantation, cardiovascular imaging technologies, and synthetic insulin; the division of innovating labor in biotechnology; the government- industry-university interface; perspectives on industrial R&D management; and the growing intertwining of the public and proprietary in medical technology.

Sources of Medical Technology: Universities and Industry
Copyright
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
List of Abbreviations
PART I Setting the Stage
- 1 The Changing Nature of Medical Technology Development
  - ORGANIZATION OF THE PRESENT VOLUME
  - IMPORTANCE OF UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY INTERACTIONS
  - INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE OF MEDICAL R&D
  - SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
  - REFERENCES
- 2 Recent Trends in Support for Biomedical Research and Development
  - BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNDERS
    - Federal Spending for Biomedical Research and Development
    - Federal Spending for Medical Device Research and Development
    - A Change in the Emphasis of Federal Spending
    - Direct Federal Support for Industry
    - Tax Credits on Incremental Research and Development
    - Industry Spending for Biomedical Research and Development
    - Research and Development Investments by Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies
    - Research and Development Investments by the Medical Devices Industry
  - FUNDING RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDUSTRY AND UNIVERSITIES
  - FEDERAL EFFORTS TO ENCOURAGE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
    - The Stevenson-Wydler and the Bayh-Dole Acts
    - Federal Technology Transfer Act
    - Consequences for University-Industry Relationships
  - CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
  - REFERENCES
PART II Medical Device Innovation
- 3 Physicians and Physicists: The Interdisciplinary Introduction of the Laser to Medicine
  - THE LASER'S INVENTION
  - PHOTOCOAGULATION
  - FEAR OF INJURY
  - POTENTIAL IN OPHTHALMOLOGY
  - PHOTOCOAGULATORS AND THE PRIVATE SECTOR
  - MORE EARLY MEDICAL LASER RESEARCH
  - THE MEDICAL LASER INDUSTRY TODAY
  - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  - REFERENCES
  - TECHNICAL APPENDIX
- 4 From the Scalpel to the Scope: Endoscopic Innovations in Gastroenterology, Gynecology, and Surgery
  - FIBER OPTICS AND GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY
    - The Fiber-Optic Era
    - Further Refinements and New Clinical Applications
  - GYNECOLOGICAL LAPAROSCOPY: THE CASE OF SURGICAL CONTRACEPTION
    - Developing and Establishing the Clinical Value of First-Generation Gynecological Laparoscopes (1945...
    - Development of Second- and Third-Generation Procedures (1970s and 1980s)
  - THE SURGEON AND ENDOSCOPY: LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
  - SOME CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS AND SPECULATIONS
  - REFERENCES
- 5 Cochlear Implantation: Establishing Clinical Feasibility, 1957–1982
  - THE IDEA OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE HUMAN EAR
  - APPROACHES TO IMPLANTATION
  - NEW BEGINNINGS: COCHLEAR IMPLANTATION IN THE 1970S
    - Work by House, Simmons, and Michelson
    - Climate of Conflicting Opinions
    - Developing Interest Abroad
    - Threshold of a New Era
  - THE "CLINICIANS," THE "EXPERIMENTALISTS," AND THE ESTABLISHING OF CLINICAL FEASIBILITY
  - CONCLUSIONS
  - REFERENCES
- 6 Innovation in Cardiac Imaging
  - OVERVIEW OF CARDIAC IMAGING
    - Nuclear Cardiology
    - Echocardiography
  - THE INNOVATION PROCESS
    - Examples from Echocardiography and Nuclear Cardiology
      - Concept
      - Prototype
      - Commercialization
      - Diffusion
      - Refinement
  - BARRIERS TO INNOVATION
  - CONCLUSION: MOVING TOWARD AN OPTIMAL R&D PROGRAM IN AN INDUSTRIAL FIRM
  - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  - REFERENCES
  - APPENDIX A
    - Thallium Imaging
  - APPENDIX B
    - Tc-99 Sestamibi Tracer
  - APPENDIX C
    - Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography
  - APPENDIX D
    - Transesophageal Echocardiography
  - APPENDIX E
    - Acoustic Quantification
  - APPENDIX F
    - Color Flow
PART III Biotechnology Innovation
- 7 Incentives and Focus in University and Industrial Research: The Case of Synthetic Insulin
  - THE EMERGENCE OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
  - RESEARCH COORDINATORS
  - A SHORT HISTORY OF THE RDNA INSULIN RESEARCH PROJECTS
  - THE ROLE OF INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH
    - Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
    - Organic Chemistry and Molecular Biology
    - Interactions with the Wider Medical and Scientific Community
    - The Nature of Interdisciplinary Research
  - THE ROLE OF INTERINSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH
    - Academic Collaboration
    - Financial Linkages
  - ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS
    - The Existence of Heterogeneous Incentives
    - The Consequences of Heterogeneous Incentives
    - Interlab Competition
    - Conclusions: Consequences of Insulin Research for Future University-Industry Interactions
  - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  - REFERENCES
- 8 The Division of Innovative Labor in Biotechnology
  - PARTICIPANTS IN THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOR IN BIOTECHNOLOGY
  - COLLABORATION STRATEGIES OF LARGE FIRMS
  - EVALUATING AND USING TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION
  - THE DIVISION OF INNOVATIVE LABOR: TRANSIENT AND UNDESIRABLE?
  - SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  - REFERENCES
Part IV Concluding Observations
- 9 Perspectives on Industrial R&D Management
  - THE CHANGING RESEARCH ENVIRONMENT
  - THE EVOLVING SCIENCE BASE
  - CLINICAL EVALUATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES
  - CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS
  - REFERENCES
- 10 The Intertwining of Public and Proprietary in Medical Technology
Appendixes
- Appendix A Workshop Agenda
  - THE UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY INTERFACE AND MEDICAL INNOVATION
- Appendix B Contributors
Index