This volume examines social influences on violent events and violent behavior, particularly concentrating on how the risks of violent criminal offending and victimization are influenced by communities, social situations, and individuals; the role of spouses and intimates; the differences in violence levels between males and females; and the roles of psychoactive substances in violent events.
- Understanding and Preventing Violence
- Copyright
- Contents
- Foreword
- Violent Victimization and Offending: Individual-, Situational-, and Community-Level Risk Factors
- INTRODUCTION
- CRITERIA
- INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL RISK FACTORS IN VIOLENT VICTIMIZATION
- BIVARIATE FINDINGS
- Age
- Sex
- Race
- Marital Status
- Socioeconomic Status
- MULTIVARIATE FINDINGS
- THEORETICAL INTERPRETATIONS
- INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL RISK FACTORS IN VIOLENT OFFENDING
- DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS
- SOCIOECONOMIC AND FAMILY FACTORS
- Social Class
- Family Structure and Process
- ADDITIONAL FINDINGS
- SUMMARY
- SITUATIONAL-LEVEL RISK FACTORS AND VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIPS
- VICTIM-OFFENDER OVERLAP
- VICTIM-OFFENDER RELATIONSHIPS
- OTHER SITUATIONAL FACTORS
- Alcohol and Drug Use
- Presence and Type of Weapon
- Victim Resistance
- Presence of Third Parties
- SITUATIONAL AND ECOLOGICAL CONTEXT
- SUMMARY
- COMMUNITY-LEVEL SOURCES OF VIOLENCE
- THE SHAW AND MCKAY MODEL
- RECENT COMMUNITY-LEVEL STUDIES OF VIOLENCE
- Poverty and Deprivation
- Mobility and Community Change
- Heterogeneity and Racial Composition
- Housing and Population Density
- Family Structure
- Community Social Disorganization
- Community Cultures and Ethnography
- SUMMARY
- METROPOLITAN-LEVEL STUDIES
- RACIAL DISAGGREGATION
- OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURES
- PROBLEMS OF INTERPRETATION
- FEEDBACK EFFECTS
- MEDIATING COMMUNITY PROCESSES
- CROSS-LEVEL MISSPECIFICATION
- FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS
- NEEDED RESEARCH
- PUBLIC POLICY
- CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Violence Between Spouses and Intimates: Physical Aggression Between Women and Men in Intimate Relationships
- INTRODUCTION
- MARITAL VIOLENCE DEFINED
- ORGANIZATION OF THIS PAPER
- EVOLUTION OF KNOWLEDGE AND POLICY ON MARITAL VIOLENCE
- CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
- HISTORICAL LEGACIES OF PUBLIC POLICY ON MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Reform Movements Toward Women and Children From the Puritans Through the Nineteenth Century
- EMERGENCE OF MARITAL VIOLENCE AS A POLICY ISSUE
- DISAGGREGATION OF RESPONSES TO MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Feminist Approaches
- Social Control Approaches
- Legalistic Approaches
- CONTROVERSIES IN DEFINITION, MEASUREMENT, AND EXPLANATION
- SOCIAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MARITAL VIOLENCE
- PARTICIPATION AND FREQUENCY OF MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Surveys of Violence in the Home: National and Local Studies
- Victimization Surveys
- Official Records
- HOMICIDES OF SPOUSES AND INTIMATES
- Homicide and Ethnicity
- Partner Homicides as Situated Events
- MARITAL RAPE
- GENDER DIFFERENCES IN MARITAL VIOLENCE: OFFENDING AND VICTIMIZATION
- Methodological Problems in Interpreting Gender Differences and Mutuality
- SOCIAL LOCATION OF MARITAL VIOLENCE AND HOMICIDE
- Nonlethal Marital Violence
- Marital Homicides
- EPIDEMIOLOGY OF INJURIES
- VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
- Official Records
- Victimization Surveys
- Self-Report Studies
- CHARACTERISTICS OF PERPETRATORS, VICTIMS, AND COUPLES
- Men Who Engage in Marital Violence
- Women Victims of Marital Violence
- Patterns of Homicide Between Intimates
- RISK FACTORS FOR MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Risk Factors Shared by Both Partners
- Risk Factors for Wife Assaults by Males
- Risk Factors for Victimization Among Women
- Risk Factors for Assaults in Couple Relationships
- Theoretical Implication of Risk Factors
- EXPLANATORY FRAMEWORKS
- PATRIARCHY, SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND SOCIAL EMBEDMENT
- POWER, CONTROL, AND DOMINATION
- EARLY CHILDHOOD SOCIALIZATION: WITNESSING AND OBSERVING VIOLENCE
- Lessons of a Violent Home
- CAREERS IN VIOLENCE
- Victim Selection and Violence Careers
- Integrating Theories of Marital and Stranger Violence
- NEUTRALIZATION OF VIOLENT BEHAVIOR
- SOCIAL JUDGMENT THEORY AND COMMISSION OF HOMICIDES BY ABUSED WOMEN
- INTEGRATED EXPLANATION OF MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Cultural Factors
- Personality Factors
- Specific Motivation
- Summary
- CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY
- POLICE INTERVENTIONS
- Reciprocity Between Formal and Informal Sanctions
- PROSECUTION OF MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Innovations in Prosecution of Marital Violence
- SANCTION AND CONTROL OF WIFE ASSAULTERS: TREATMENT INTERVENTIONS
- CONTRIBUTIONS OF RESEARCH ON MARITAL VIOLENCE TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE POLICY
- Paradigms of Social Science
- IMPACTS ON POLICY THROUGH LEGAL PRECEDENT: APPLICATION OF THE SELF-DEFENSE PLEA TO BATTERED WOMEN
- SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF THE COURTS AND MARITAL VIOLENCE
- Paradigms of Social Control
- IMPLICATIONS FOR THEORY AND RESEARCH
- DO WE NEED A SPECIAL THEORY OF MARITAL VIOLENCE?
- RESEARCH ON DESISTANCE FROM FAMILY VIOLENCE
- SPECIFIC DETERRENCE
- VIOLENCE CAREERS
- ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE AND RESEARCH UTILIZATION
- TREATMENT RESEARCH
- DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF WITNESSING MARITAL VIOLENCE
- INTERVENTIONS THAT EMPOWER VICTIMS
- CONTINUING CONTROVERSY OVER GENDER DIFFERENCES
- CONCLUSIONS
- WHAT WE STILL NEED TO KNOW
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Gender and Interpersonal Violence
- INTRODUCTION
- DATA
- PREVALENCE AND INCIDENCE
- Uniform Crime Reports
- National Crime Surveys
- Additional Data Sources
- RATES AND TRENDS
- Gender and Violent Offending: 1960-1988
- Trends in Violent Victimizations
- Additional Indicators of Trends in Violent Offending by Gender
- METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES
- Citizen Reports of Violent Crime
- Gender and Arrest Probability
- Implications of Self-Report Data
- CAUSES AND CORRELATES IN GENDER AND VIOLENCE
- EXPLANATIONS FOR GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- Sex Versus Gender: Hormonal Influences or Environmental Factors?
- Developmental Studies of Aggression and Violence in Children
- Gender Roles, Aggression, and Violence Among Adults
- Structural Explanations for Gender Differences in Violence: Variants on Role Theory
- Rethinking the Connection Between Gender Roles and Crime
- CORRELATES OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- IMPLICATIONS FOR A THEORY OF GENDER AND INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- POLICY
- GENDER VARIATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF VIOLENT OFFENDERS BY THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
- Juvenile Court Decisions
- Adult Criminal Court Decisions
- The Sentenced Violent Offender: Probation, Prison, and Parole
- VARIATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF VICTIMS OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE
- PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH
- THE CONTEXT OF VIOLENCE
- GENDER, RACE, AND VIOLENT OFFENDING
- GENDER AND OTHER TYPES OF PATHOLOGY
- GENDER AND VICTIMOLOGY
- CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Alcohol, Drugs of Abuse, Aggression, and Violence
- ANIMAL MODELS OF AGGRESSION AND VIOLENCE
- ALCOHOL, AGGRESSION, AND VIOLENCE
- PHARMACOLOGIC DETERMINANTS
- ENDOCRINOLOGIC INFLUENCES
- NEUROBIOLOGIC MECHANISMS
- GENETICS AND PERSONALITY FACTORS
- ENVIRONMENTAL DETERMINANTS
- CONCLUDING STATEMENT
- OPIATES, AGGRESSION, AND VIOLENCE
- AMPHETAMINES, AGGRESSION, AND VIOLENCE
- PHARMACOLOGIC DETERMINANTS
- BEHAVIORAL DETERMINANTS
- NEUROBIOLOGIC MECHANISMS
- CONCLUDING STATEMENT
- COCAINE, AGGRESSION, AND VIOLENCE
- HALLUCINOGENS, AGGRESSION, AND VIOLENCE
- LSD
- Concluding Statement
- PHENCYCLIDINE (PCP)
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- Index
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