How damaging is acid rain? Current opinions differ widely, in part because for every proposed link between acid rain and adverse environmental effects an alternative explanation based on other phenomena can be or has been proposed, and in many cases cannot be readily dismissed. The specific areas addressed in this volume include the emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides, precipitation chemistry, atmospheric sulfates and visibility, surface water chemistry, sediment chemistry and abundance of diatom taxa, fish populations, and forest productivity. The book then draws conclusions about the acid deposition-phenomenon relationship, identifying phenomena which are directly acid deposition-caused and suggesting others apparently caused by human activities unrelated to acid deposition.
- Acid Deposition
- Copyright
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 Summary And Synthesis
- FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
- METHODS
- MECHANISMS
- Mechanisms Of Linkage Among Atmospheric Processes
- Emissions
- Visibility
- Deposition
- Mechanisms Of Linkage Between Acid Deposition And Surface Water Chemistry
- Mechanisms Of Linkage Between Acid Deposition And Lake Sediments
- Sediment Chemistry
- Diatoms And Chrysophytes In Sediments And Ph Of Lake Water
- Mechanisms Of Linkage Between Acid Deposition And Biologic Effects
- Relationships Among Mechanisms
- Complicating Factors
- SPATIAL PATTERNS AND TEMPORAL TRENDS
- Regions
- Spatial Patterns
- Temporal Trends
- The Record Since Industrialization (about 1880)
- The Half-Century Record
- The Record Since 1950
- REFERENCES
- 2 Emissions Of Sulfur Dioxide And Nitrogen Oxides And Trends For Eastern North America
- INTRODUCTION
- Examples of the Flow Rates of Sulfur and Nitrogen from Natural Processes and from Human Activities
- Pollutant Flow Diagram
- PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION OF FUELS AND METALS
- Energy Demand Of The United States
- Coal
- Reserves and Production
- Sulfur Content
- Uncertainty of Sulfur Mobilization
- Surface Transfer Matrix
- Coal Consumption
- Oil Products
- Natural Gas
- Copper And Zinc Smelting
- SULFUR EMISSION TRENDS
- REGIONAL TRENDS IN EMISSIONS OF NITROGEN OXIDES
- COMPARISONS WITH OTHER TREND ESTIMATES
- Sulfur Dioxide
- Nitrogen Oxides
- SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- REFERENCES
- 3 Uncertainties In Trends In Acid Deposition: The Role Of Climatic Fluctuations
- INTRODUCTION
- CYCLONE TRACKS
- PRECIPITATION AND DROUGHT
- AIR STAGNATION EPISODES
- TEMPERATURE
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 4 Patterns And Trends In Data For Atmospheric Sulfates And Visibility
- INTRODUCTION
- DESCRIPTION OF DATA BASES
- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
- HISTORICAL TRENDS
- CONCLUSIONS
- REFERENCES
- 5 Precipitation Chemistry
- INTRODUCTION
- The Role Of Precipitation Composition In This Study
- Wet And Dry Deposition
- Constituents Of Interest
- Variability In Acid Deposition: The Role Of Meteorology
- DATA EVALUATION
- Comparing Three-Month Regional Bulk Data Concurrently With Wet-Only Data
- Comparing Bulk And Wet-Only Data At Hubbard Brook, New Hampshire
- Comparing U.S. Geological Survey Bulk Data With National Acid Deposition Program Wet-Only Data
- Comparing Two Wet-Only Networks At Three Sites
- Concluding Remarks
- GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION
- Current Concentration And Deposition Patterns
- Comparing Global Background And Eastern North American Precipitation Composition
- TIME-TREND INFORMATION
- Data Available
- Pre-1955 Data
- Trends From Mid-1950s To Present
- Trends For Hubbard Brook And Usgs Bulk Data
- The Hubbard Brook Data
- The U.S. Geological Survey Data
- The World Meteorological Organization/Background Air Pollution Monitoring Network Data
- The 1979-1982 CANSAP-APN and NADP Data
- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- REFERENCES
- 6 The Nature And Timing Of The Deterioration Of Red Spruce In The Northern Appalachian Mountains
- INTRODUCTION
- HIGH-ELEVATION CONIFEROUS FORESTS OF THE APPALACHIANS
- DEPOSITION OF ACIDIC SUBSTANCES AND HEAVY METALS IN NORTHERN APPALACHIAN FORESTS
- CHARACTERISTICS OF RED SPRUCE IN HIGH-ELEVATION CONIFEROUS FORESTS
- Decline, Disease, And Injury
- Changes In Red Spruce Populations
- INITIATION OF RED SPRUCE DETERIORATION
- SUMMARY OF POSSIBLE CAUSES
- REFERENCES
- 7 Streams And Lakes
- INTRODUCTION
- SULFATE FLUXES IN PRECIPITATION AND LAKES
- TRENDS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF HEADWATER STREAMS OVER THE PAST 15 TO 20 YEARS
- Methods
- Results
- Sulfate Input and Output
- Trends In Stream-Water Sulfate In Bench-Mark Streams
- Trends In Alkalinity And Cations
- Interpretation Of 15-Year Trends In Alkalinity
- PROTOLYTIC CHEMISTRY OF SURFACE WATERS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE, NEW YORK, AND WISCONSIN
- Chemical Principles
- Data and Methods
- Replication And Consistency
- Trends In Alkalinity And pH Of Lakes In New York, New Hampshire, And Wisconsin
- Short-Term Variability
- SUMMARY
- Relationship Between Sulfate Input Flux to Lakes from Wet Deposition and Sulfate Output Flux from Lakes
- Bench-Mark Streams
- Lakes In Wisconsin, New York, And New Hampshire
- REFERENCES
- 8 Fish Population Trends In Response To Surface Water Acidification
- INTRODUCTION
- LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS
- FIELD EXPERIMENTS
- SPATIAL ASSOCIATIONS
- South Central Pennsylvania
- Vermont
- Maine
- Wisconsin
- TEMPORAL ASSOCIATIONS
- Ontario
- Adirondack Mountains, New York
- South Central Pennsylvania
- North Central Massachusetts
- Nova Scotia
- SUMMARY
- REFERENCES
- 9 Paleolimnological Evidence For Trends In Atmospheric Deposition Of Acids And Metals
- INTRODUCTION
- DIATOM AND CHRYSOPHYTE SEDIMENT ASSEMBLAGES
- Diatoms And Chrysophytes As Indicators Of Lake Chemistry
- Techniques For Determining pH Trends
- Evaluation Of Lake Acidification Causes
- Long-Term Natural Acidification
- Watershed Disturbance
- Atmospheric Deposition Of Strong Acids
- Evaluating Causes Of Recent Acidification
- ASSESSMENT OF RECENT LAKE ACIDIFICATION TRENDS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
- Data Selection
- Trends In Ph
- Changes In Water Chemistry Associated With Ph Trends
- Evaluation Of Trends In Acid Deposition
- Ongoing Studies
- UNCERTAINTIES IN THE INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENT DIATOM AND CHRYSOPHYTE ASSEMBLAGE DATA AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER…
- Diatom And Chrysophyte Taxonomy
- Diatom and Chrysophyte Physiology
- Diatom And Chrysophyte Ecology
- Sediment Processes
- Inference Techniques
- Statistical Analysis
- Acidification Processes And Selection Of Study Sites
- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
- THE CHEMICAL STRATIGRAPHY OF LAKE SEDIMENTS
- THE SEDIMENT RECORD
- THE CHEMICAL STRATIGRAPHY OF PEAT BOG DEPOSITION
- DIRECT COMPARISON OF DIATOM AND CHEMICAL DATA
- CONCLUSIONS
- Diatoms And Chrysophytes
- Geochemistry
- REFERENCES
- Appendixs
- Appendix A Methods For Sampling And Analysis Of Red Spruce Data
- REFERENCES
- Appendix B Input Sulfate Fluxes To Lakes From Wet-Only Deposition And Output Sulfate Fluxes From Lakes' Data Sources And…
- REFERENCES
- Appendix C Characteristics Of Bench-Mark Streams
- REFERENCES
- APPENDIX D Historical Correction Factors for Alkalinity and Acid Status of Surface Waters
- Assumptions Regarding Protolytes
- Fundamental Definitions
- Colorimetric Ph Correction
- Other Protolyte Effects
- References
- Appendix E Physical And Chemical Characteristics Of Some Lakes In North America For Which Sediment--Diatom Data Exist
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