'Monuments of Diverse Heritage in Early America: Placemaking and Preservation by Black, Indigenous, and Jewish Peoples' explores a more inclusive history of preserving public historic sites. At a time when some Americans have embraced white nationalism in response to unfolding demographic changes and others celebrate individual identities over all else, an inclusive, tolerant, and unifying historical vision is sorely needed. While past preservation efforts sometimes resulted in exclusionary forms of historical inspiration, that need not be the case in the future. Bringing greater attention to the diverse heritage of the United States will not only help dismantle the lingering remnants of exclusionary and elitist narratives but also celebrate a pluralistic and diverse past and present. An inclusive, empowering history can provide social cohesion while allowing room for individual groups to have authority over their pasts and representation in public, side-by-side with one another.
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part 1 Black Diaspora
- 1. Blacks Shaping the Built Environment in the Age of Revolution, 1775–1830
- 2. The Early Preservation of Places by Black People, 1830–1950
- 3. The Struggle for Civil Rights and Historic Preservation for Black People After 1950
- Part 2 Indigenous Peoples
- 4. Indigenous Peoples Shaping Built Landscapes after American Independence, 1775–1830
- 5. Indigenous Peoples Confronting Wetikoism in Historic Preservation, 1830–1950
- 6. Native American-Based Historic Preservation After 1950
- Part 3 Jews Near and Far
- 7. Transformations of Jewish Places Due to the American Revolution, 1775–1830
- 8. Jews Demonstrating American Filiality through Preserving the Memory of Place, 1830–1950
- 9. Jewish Participation in Populist Historic Preservation After 1950
- Conclusion: Intra-Sections and Intersections on Living with History
- Index
- List of Illustrations
- Figure 1.1. Old Bethel United Methodist Church of Charleston, built between 1798 and 1809 according to the directions provided by Methodist Bishop Francis Asbury, using the gabled meetinghouse style. This vernacular design for this mixed-race congregation
- Figure 1.2. Negro Fort as depicted on the Plano del Rio Apalachicola, territorio é yslas adyacentes, from 1815 by Vicente Pintado. Library of Congress Geography and Map Division.
- Figure 2.1. The illustration of the “Room in Which Washington Died” in Benson Lossing’s The Home of Washington: Or, Mount Vernon and Its Associations, Historical, Biographical, and Pictorial (Hartford, CT: A.S. Hale, 1871), 338, clearly shows a Black doce
- Figure 2.2. Descendants of the enslaved at Mount Vernon’s Slave Memorial. Photograph by Carol Highsmith. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
- Figure 2.3. The Boston Massacre Monument, also called the Crispus Attucks Monument. Photograph from 1904. Detroit Publishing Company Photograph Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
- Figure 2.4. Black CCC workers at the Yorktown Battlefield during the Great Depression. (Top left) The CCC operated a carpenter shop in Yorktown, where workers built carriages to mount cannons on the battlefield. (Top right) A crew installs fraises as part
- Figure 2.5. The workshop of Philip Simmons at 30½ Blake Street, Charleston, where Simmons made and repaired hundreds of iron pieces for historic preservation projects around the city between 1967 and 2008. Photograph by the author.
- Figure 2.6. (Top) Charleston’s Old Exchange Building as it appeared in 1865 after the Civil War, when it was used as a Post Office, with its second cupola by Albert Elfe and Charles Fraser, though likely built with the assistance of enslaved carpenter Phi
- Figure 3.1. Savannah’s Haitian Monument on Franklin Square commemorates the contribution of the Chasseurs-Volontaires de Saint-Domingue to the fight for an independent America. Photograph by Carol Highsmith. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Divi
- Figure 3.2. The Spirit of Freedom Monument honoring Denmark Vesey at Hampton Park in Charleston. Photograph by the author.
- Figure 4.1. George Washington’s wampum belt commemorating the Treaty of Canandaigua in 1794 between the Iroquois Confederacy and the United States. Annual report of the Regents, New York State Museum, 1908.
- Figure 4.2. Cherokee vernacular architecture represented at Oconaluftee Village, North Carolina. The top image shows an eighteenth-century Cherokee house prior to the disruptions of the French and Indian War (and subsequent wars), with the bottom an examp
- Figure 4.3. The Mohawk Village on the Grand River circa 1800 by Sempronius Stretton. Library and Archives Canada, Acc. No. 1990-113-1.
- Figure 4.4. An Indian town, residence of a chief. Lithographs of the Seminole War in Florida from 1835. T. F. Gray & James of Charleston, SC, in 1837. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
- Figure 4.5. Buildings of the Vann family. (Top) A surviving Vann’s Tavern from the early nineteenth century relocated in 1955 and on display at the New Echota State Historic Site near Calhoun, Georgia. (Bottom) The Chief Vann House at Diamond Hill plantat
- Figure 5.1. Grand Portage CCC-ID crew in 1937. This crew assisted Minnesota Historical Society archaeologist Ralph Brown in excavating the original North West Company stockade area during the 1936 and 1937 field seasons. Photograph by Ralph Brown. Nationa
- Figure 5.2. The New Echota Marker National Memorial funded by the United States government in 1931 near Calhoun, Georgia. Photograph by the author.
- Figure 6.1. Reconstructed buildings at Oconaluftee Village. (Top left) the interior Council House, (top right) an early nineteenth-century farmhouse, (bottom left) demonstrations of basketry-making and other traditional crafts, and (bottom right) a Sweat
- Figure 6.2. More reconstructed buildings at New Echota (exterior bottom left and interior top left), including the Printing Office where the Cherokee Phoenix was published, Court House (bottom right), and one of the Cherokee Farmsteads (top right). Photog
- Figure 6.3. The reconstructed Council House at New Echota, exterior (left) and interior (right). Photographs by the author.
- Figure 7.1. The Great Synagogue of Gibraltar today (exterior left, interior right), rebuilt following the Great Siege. Photographs by the author.
- Figure 7.2. Beth Elohim synagogue of Charleston circa 1812, with its tall Christopher Wren-inspired steeple. “Jews Synagogue in Charleston,” pencil on paper by John R. Smith, John R. Smith Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division.
- Figure 7.3. The Katz Barn of Rauschenberg, Hesse-Kassel, Germany as it appears today (left). Details of the Yiddish inscription with Star of David (top right) and German translation (bottom) are also shown. Photographs by the author.
- Figure 8.1. Touro Synagogue of Newport, Rhode Island (interior top, exterior bottom) was one of the earliest preservation projects that Jews in the United States were involved with, beginning with Abraham Touro in 1822. Photographs by the author.
- Figure 8.2. (Left) Jefferson Monroe Levy, New York attorney, congressman, and owner of Monticello from 1879 to 1923. (Right) Monticello, former home of Thomas Jefferson, Charlottesville, Virginia. This photograph was taken circa 1900, during the ownership
- Figure 8.3. (Left) Independence Hall in 1876 at the time of the Centennial Exposition of Philadelphia, the building and commemorative event that Frank M. Etting labored to prepare during the early 1870s. Photograph by Elias Beaman. (Right) The monument Re
- Figure 8.4. (Top) The Old Exchange Building is now managed by the DAR Rebecca Motte Chapter. (Bottom) The plaque memorializes Lee Cohen Harby’s contributions to the acquisition and preservation of the Old Exchange Building for the Rebecca Motte Chapter of
- Figure 8.5. Lee Cohen Harby circa 1891. Special Collections College of Charleston Library.
- Figure 9.1. The Heald Square Monument in Chicago, featuring Haym Salomon (right), George Washington (middle), and Robert Morris (left), standing hand-in-hand. From this monument, Salomon became the symbolic representation of the Jewish contribution to the
- Figure 9.2. The public plaque dedicated to Francis Salvador at Washington Square in Charleston. Photograph by the author.
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