Shadow Agents of Renaissance War

Shadow Agents of Renaissance War

Suffering, Supporting, and Supplying Conflict in Italy and Beyond

The Record of Great Doubts emphasizes the role of qi in achieving a life of engagement with other humans, with the larger society, and with nature as a whole. Rather than encourage transcendental escapism or quietism, Ekken articulates a philosophy of material force as a basis of living a life of commitment to the world. In this spirit, moral cultivation is not an isolated or a self-centered preoccupation, but an activity that occurs within the dynamic forces of nature and amid the rigorous demands of society. In this context, a vitalism of qi is an emergent force, not only providing the philosophical grounding for this vibrant interaction but also giving a basis for an investigation of the natural world that plumbs the principle within things. Ekken thus aimed to articulate a creative and dynamic milieu for moral education, political harmony, social coherence, and agricultural sustainability.

The Record of Great Doubts embodies Ekken's profound commitment to Confucian ideas and practices as a method for establishing an integrative ethical vision, one he hoped would guide Japan through a new period of peace and stability. A major philosophical treatise in the Japanese Neo-Confucian tradition, The Record of Great Doubts illuminates a crucial chapter in East Asian intellectual history.

  • CONTENTS
  • Acknowledgments
  • INTRODUCTION
  • Ekken’s Life and Thought
  • The Text in the Context of East Asian Confucianism
  • Material Force (Qi)
  • Zhang Zai's Development of the Concept of Material Force
  • The Influence of the Monism of Qi of Luo Qinshun
  • Affirmation and Dissent: The Significance of the Record of Great Doubts
  • The Text in the Context of Tokugawa Japan
  • The Spread of Confucian Ideas and Values
  • Tradition and the Individual: The Importance of Dissent and the Centrality of Learning
  • Philosophical Debates Regarding Principle and Material Force
  • Reappropriating Tradition: Practical Learning and the Philosophy of Qi
  • Interpretations of Ekken’s Philosophy of Qi
  • Confucian Cosmology: Organic Holism and Dynamic Vitalism
  • Confucian Cultivation: Harmonizing with Change and Assisting Transformation
  • The Significance of Qi as an Ecological Cosmology
  • Notes
  • PREFACE
  • PART I
  • On the Transmission of Confucian Thought
  • On Human Nature
  • On Bias, Discernment, and Selection
  • On Learning from What Is Close at Hand
  • The Indivisibility of the Nature of Heaven and Earth and One’s Physical Nature
  • Acknowledging Differences with the Song Confucians
  • PART II
  • Partiality in the Learning of the Song Confucians
  • Reverence Within and Rightness Without
  • Influences from Buddhism and Daoism
  • The Supreme Ultimate
  • The Way and Concrete Things
  • Returning the World to Humaneness
  • Reverence and Sincerity
  • Reverence as the Master of the Mind
  • The Inseparability of Principle and Material Force
  • Notes
  • GLOSSARY
  • BIBLIOGRAPHY
  • INDEX

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