A Communion of Subjects is the first comparative and interdisciplinary study of the conceptualization of animals in world religions. Scholars from a wide range of disciplines, including Thomas Berry (cultural history), Wendy Doniger (study of myth), Elizabeth Lawrence (veterinary medicine, ritual studies), Marc Bekoff (cognitive ethology), Marc Hauser (behavioral science), Steven Wise (animals and law), Peter Singer (animals and ethics), and Jane Goodall (primatology) consider how major religious traditions have incorporated animals into their belief systems, myths, rituals, and art. Their findings offer profound insights into humans' relationships with animals and a deeper understanding of the social and ecological web in which we all live.
Contributors examine Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Daoism, Confucianism, African religions, traditions from ancient Egypt and early China, and Native American, indigenous Tibetan, and Australian Aboriginal traditions, among others. They explore issues such as animal consciousness, suffering, sacrifice, and stewardship in innovative methodological ways. They also address contemporary challenges relating to law, biotechnology, social justice, and the environment. By grappling with the nature and ideological features of various religious views, the contributors cast religious teachings and practices in a new light. They reveal how we either intentionally or inadvertently marginalize "others," whether they are human or otherwise, reflecting on the ways in which we assign value to living beings.
Though it is an ancient concern, the topic of "Religion and Animals" has yet to be systematically studied by modern scholars. This groundbreaking collection takes the first steps toward a meaningful analysis.
- Contents
- Acknowledgments xiii
- Essay Abstracts xv
- Heritage of the Volume, Mary Evelyn Tucker 1
- Prologue: Loneliness and Presence, Thomas Berry 5
- Introduction, Paul Waldau and Kimberley Patton 11
- PART I ANIMALS IN RELIGION, SCIENCE, AND ETHICS: IN AND OUT OF TIME 25
- ‘‘Caught with Ourselves in the Net of Life and Time’’, Traditional Views of Animals in Religion, Kimberley Patton 27
- Seeing the Terrain We Walk, Features of the Contemporary Landscape of ‘‘Religion and Animals’’, Paul Waldau 40
- PART II ANIMALS IN ABRAHAMIC TRADITIONS JUDAISM
- Sacrifice in Ancient Israel Pure Bodies, Domesticated Animals, and the Divine Shepherd, Jonathan Klawans 65
- Hope for the Animal Kingdom, A Jewish Vision, Dan Cohn-Sherbok 81
- Hierarchy, Kinship, and Responsibility, The Jewish Relationship to The Animal World, Roberta Kalechofsky 91
- CHRISTIANITY
- The Bestiary of Heretics, Imaging Medieval Christian Heresy with Insects and Animals, Beverly Kienzle 103
- Descartes, Christianity, and Contemporary Speciesism, Gary Steiner 117
- Practicing the Presence of God, A Christian Approach to Animals, Jay McDaniel 132
- ISLAM
- ‘‘This she-camel of God is a sign to you’’, Dimensions of Animals in Islamic Tradition and Muslim Culture, Richard Foltz 149
- The Case of the Animals Versus Man: Toward an Ecology of Being, Zayn Kassam 160
- ‘‘Oh that I could be a bird and fly, I would rush to the Beloved’’, Birds in Islamic Mystical Poetry, Ali Asani 170
- PART III ANIMALS IN INDIAN TRADITIONS HINDUISM
- Cows, Elephants, Dogs, and Other Lesser Embodiments of Ātman Reflections on Hindu Attitudes Toward Nonhuman Animals, Lance Nelson 177
- Strategies of Vedic Subversion, The Emergence of Vegetarianism in Post-Vedic India, Edwin Bryant 194
- BUDDHISM
- ‘‘A vast unsupervised recycling plant’’, Animals and the Buddhist Cosmos, Ian Harris 207
- Snake-Kings, Boars’ Heads, Deer Parks, Monkey Talk, Animals as Transmitters and Transformers in Indian and Tibetan Buddhist Narratives, Ivette Vargas 218
- JAINISM
- Inherent Value without Nostalgia: Animals and the Jaina Tradition, Christopher Chapple 241
- Five-Sensed Animals in Jainism, Kristi Wiley 250
- PART IV ANIMALS IN CHINESE TRADITIONS EARLY CHINESE RELIGION
- ‘‘Of a tawny bull we make offering’’: Animals in Early Chinese Religion, Roel Sterckx 259
- DAOISM
- Daoism and Animals, E. N. Anderson and Lisa Raphals 275
- CONFUCIANISM
- Of Animals and Humans, The Confucian Perspective, Rodney Taylor 293
- PART V EAST MEETS WEST ANIMALS IN PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURAL HISTORY
- Human Exceptionalism versus Cultural Elitism (Or ‘‘Three in the morning, four at night’’ 朝三暮四) Roger Ames 311
- Humans and Animals, The History from a Religio-Ecological Perspective, Jordan Paper 325
- PART VI ANIMALS IN MYTH
- A Symbol in Search of an Object The Mythology of Horses in India, Wendy Doniger 335
- Animals in African Mythology, Kofi Opoku 351
- ‘‘Why Umbulka Killed His Master’’ Aboriginal Reconciliation and the Australian Wild Dog (Canis lupus dingo), Ian McIntosh 360
- PART VII ANIMALS IN RITUAL
- Knowing and Being Known by Animals Indigenous Perspectives on Personhood, John Grim 373
- Animal Sacrifice Metaphysics of the Sublimated Victim, Kimberley Patton 391
- Hunting the Wren, A Sacred Bird in Ritual, Elizabeth Lawrence 406
- Ridiculus Mus: Of Mice and Men in Roman Thought, Christopher McDonough 413
- Raven Augury from Tibet to Alaska, Dialects, Divine Agency, and the Bird’s-Eye View, Eric Mortensen 413
- PART VIII ANIMALS IN ART
- On the Dynamis of Animals, or How Animalium Became Anthropos, Diane Apostolos-Cappadona 439
- PART IX ANIMALS AS SUBJECTS, ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR SCIENCE
- Wild Justice, Social Cognition, Fairness, and Morality, A Deep Appreciation for the Subjective Lives of Animals, Marc Bekoff 461
- From Cognition to Consciousness, Donald Griffin 481
- Are Animals Moral Agents? Evolutionary Building Blocks of Morality, Marc Hauser 505
- Ethics, Biotechnology, and Animals, Bernard Rollin 519
- Animal Experimentation, Kenneth Shapiro 533
- PART X ARE ANIMALS ‘‘FOR’’ HUMANS? THE ISSUES OF FACTORY FARMING
- Caring for Farm Animals, Pastoralist Ideals in an Industrialized World, David Fraser 547
- Agriculture, Livestock, and Biotechnology, Values, Profits, and Ethics, Michael Fox 556
- Agribusiness, Farming Without Culture, Gary Valen 568
- PART XI CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES: LAW, SOCIAL JUSTICE, AND THE ENVIRONMENT ANIMALS AND THE LAW
- Animal Law and Animal Sacrifice, Analysis of the U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Santería Animal Sacrifice in Hialeah, Steven Wise 585
- ANIMALS AND SOCIAL JUSTICE
- ‘‘A very rare and difficult thing’’ Ecofeminism, Attention to Animal Suffering and the Disappearance of the Subject, Carol Adams 591
- Interlocking Oppressions, The Nature of Cruelty to Nonhuman Animals and its Relationship to Violence Toward Humans, Kim Roberts 605
- Animal Protection and the Problem of Religion, An Interview with Peter Singer, Peter Singer 616
- ANIMALS AND GLOBAL STEWARDSHIP
- Earth Charter Ethics and Animals, Steven Rockefeller 621
- Pushing Environmental Justice to a Natural Limit, Paul Waldau 629
- CONCLUSION
- A Communion of Subjects and a Multiplicity of Intelligences, Mary Evelyn Tucker 645
- EPILOGUE
- The Dance of Awe, Jane Goodall 651
- Contributors 657
- Index 667
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