Geochemistry

Geochemistry

Pathways and Processes

  • Autor: McSween, Harry; Richardson, Steven; Uhle, Maria
  • Editor: Columbia University Press
  • ISBN: 9780231124409
  • eISBN Pdf: 9780231509039
  • Lloc de publicació:  New York , United States
  • Any de publicació digital: 2003
  • Mes: Novembre
  • Idioma: Anglés
Written expressly for undergraduate and graduate geologists, this book focuses on how geochemical principles can be used to solve practical problems. The attention to problem-solving reflects the authors'belief that showing how theory is useful in solving real-life problems is vital for learning. The book gives students a thorough grasp of the basic principles of the subject, balancing the traditional equilibrium perspective and the kinetic viewpoint.

The first half of the book considers processes in which temperature and pressure are nearly constant. After introductions to the laws of thermodynamics, to fundamental equations for flow and diffusion, and to solution chemistry, these principles are used to investigate diagenesis, weathering, and natural waters. The second half of the book applies thermodynamics and kinetics to systems undergoing changes in temperature and pressure during magmatism and metamorphism. This revised edition incorporates new geochemical discoveries as examples of processes and pathways, with new chapters on mineral structure and bonding and on organic matter and biomarkers. Each chapter has worked problems, and the authors assume that the student has had a year of college-level chemistry and a year of calculus.

Praise for the first edition

"A truly modern geochemistry book.... Very well written and quite enjoyable to read.... An excellent basic text for graduate level instruction in geochemistry." —Journal of Geological Education

"An up-to-date, broadly conceived introduction to geochemistry.... Given the recent flowering of geochemistry as an interdisciplinary science, and given the extent to which it now draws upon the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics to understand earth and planetary processes, this timely and rigorous [book] is welcome indeed." —Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
  • [ CONTENTS ]
  • PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
  • CHAPTER ONE | INTRODUCING CONCEPTS IN GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
    • OVERVIEW
    • WHAT IS GEOCHEMISTRY?
      • Historical Overview
      • Beginning Your Study of Geochemistry
    • GEOCHEMICAL VARIABLES
    • GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
    • THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS
    • AN EXAMPLE: COMPARING THE RMODYNAMIC AND KINETIC APPROACHES
    • NOTES ON PROBLEM SOLVING
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER TWO | HOW ELEMENTS BEHAVE
    • OVERVIEW
    • ELEMENTS, ATOMS, AND THE STRUCTURE OF MATTER
      • Elements and the Periodic Table
      • The Atomic Nucleus and Isotopes
      • The Basis for Chemical Bonds: The Electron Cloud
      • Size, Charge, and Stability
      • Elemental Associations
    • BONDING
      • Perspectives on Bonding
      • Structural Implications of Bonding
      • Retrospective on Bonding
    • SUMMARY
      • suggested readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER THREE | A FIRST LOOK AT THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
    • OVERVIEW
    • TEMPERATURE AND EQUATIONS OF STATE
    • WORK
    • THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
    • ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
      • Entropy and Disorder
    • REPRISE: THE INTERNAL ENERGY FUNCTION MADE USEFUL
      • ENTROPY AND DISORDER: WORDS OF CAUTION
    • AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS OF STATE
      • Enthalpy
      • The Helmholtz Function
      • Gibbs Free Energy
    • CLEANING UP THE ACT: CONVENTIONS FOR E, H, F, G, AND S
    • COMPOSITION AS A VARIABLE
      • Components
    • CHANGES IN E, H, F, AND G DUE TO COMPOSITION
    • CONDITIONS FOR HETEROGENEOUS EQUILIBRIUM
      • The Gibbs-Duhem Equation
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER FOUR | HOW TO HANDLE SOLUTIONS
    • OVERVIEW
    • WHAT IS A SOLUTION?
      • Crystalline Solid Solutions
      • Amorphous Solid Solutions
      • Melt Solutions
      • Electrolyte Solutions
      • Gas Mixtures
    • SOLUTIONS THAT BEHAVE IDEALLY
    • SOLUTIONS THAT BEHAVE NONIDEALLY
    • ACTIVITY IN ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
      • The Mean Salt Method
      • The Debye-Hückel Method
    • SOLUBILITY
      • The Ionic Strength Effect
      • The Common Ion Effect
      • Complex Species
    • SUMMARY
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER FIVE | DIAGENESIS: A Study in Kinetics
    • OVERVIEW
    • WHAT IS DIAGENESIS?
    • KINETIC FACTORS IN DIAGENESIS
      • Diffusion
    • KINETICS OF MINERAL DISSOLUTION AND PRECIPITATION
    • THE DIAGENETIC EQUATION
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER SIX | ORGANIC MATTER AND BIOMARKERS: A Different Perspective
    • OVERVIEW
    • ORGANIC MATTER IN THE GLOBAL CARBON CYCLE
    • ORGANIC MATTER PRODUCTION AND CYCLING IN THE OCEANS
    • FATE OF PRIMARY PRODUCTION: DEGRADATION AND DIAGENESIS
    • FACTORS CONTROLLING ACCUMULATION AND PRESERVATION
      • Preservation by Sorption
      • Degradation in Oxic Environments
      • Diagenetic Alteration
    • CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BIOLOGIC PRECURSORS
      • Carbohydrates
      • Proteins
      • Lipids
      • Lignin
    • BIOMARKERS
    • APPLICATION OF BIOMARKERS TO PALEOENVIRONMENTAL RECONSTRUCTIONS
      • Alkenone Temperature Records
      • Amino Acid Racemization
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER SEVEN | CHEMICAL WEATHERING: Dissolution and Redox Processes
    • OVERVIEW
    • FUNDAMENTAL SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA
      • Silica Solubility
      • Solubility of Magnesian Silicates
      • Solubility of Gibbsite
      • Solubility of Aluminosilicate Minerals
    • RIVERS AS WEATHERING INDICATORS
    • AGENTS OF WEATHERING
      • Carbon Dioxide
      • Organic Acids
    • OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES
      • Thermodynamic Conventions for Redox Systems
      • Eh-pH Diagrams
      • Redox Systems Containing Carbon Dioxide
      • Activity-Activity Relationships: The Broader View
    • SUMMARY
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER EIGHT | THE OCEANS AND ATMOSPHERE AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM
    • OVERVIEW
    • COMPOSITION OF THE OCEANS
      • A Classification of Dissolved Constituents
      • Chemical Variations with Depth
    • COMPOSITION OF THE ATMOSPHERE
    • CARBONATE AND THE GREAT MARINE BALANCING ACT
      • Some First Principles
      • Calcium Carbonate Solubility
      • Chemical Modeling of Seawater: A Summary
    • GLOBAL MASS BALANCE AND STEADY STATE IN THE OCEANS
      • Examining the Steady State
      • How Does the Steady State Evolve?
      • Box Models
      • Continuum Models
      • A Summary of Ocean-Atmosphere Models
    • GRADUAL CHANGE: THE HISTORY OF SEAWATER AND AIR
      • Early Outgassing and the Primitive Atmosphere
      • The Rise of Oxygen
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER NINE | TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE CHANGES: Thermodynamics Again
    • OVERVIEW
    • WHAT DOES EQUILIBRIUM REALLY MEAN?
    • DETERMINING WHEN A SYSTEMIS IN EQUILIBRIUM
      • The Phase Rule
      • Open versus Closed Systems
    • CHANGING TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE
      • Temperature Changes and Heat Capacity
      • Pressure Changes and Compressibility
      • Temperature and Pressure Changes Combined
    • A GRAPHICAL LOOK AT CHANGING CONDITIONS: THE CLAPEYRON EQUATION
    • REACTIONS INVOLVING FLUIDS
    • RAOULT’S AND HENRY’S LAWS: MIXING OF SEVERAL COMPONENTS
    • STANDARD STATES AND ACTIVITY COEFFICIENTS
    • SOLUTION MODELS: ACTIVITIES OF COMPLEX MIXTURES
    • THERMOBAROMETRY: APPLYING WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER TEN | PICTURING EQUILIBRIA: Phase Diagrams
    • OVERVIEW
    • G¯-X2 DIAGRAMS
    • DERIVATION OF T-X2 AND P-X2 DIAGRAMS
    • T-X2 DIAGRAMS FOR REAL GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS
      • Formation of a Chemical Compound in a Binary System: KAlSi2O6-SiO2
      • Solid Solution in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-CaAl2Si2O8
      • Unmixing in a Binary System: NaAlSi3O8-KAlSi3O8
    • THERMODYNAMIC CALCULATION OF PHASE DIAGRAMS
    • BINARY PHASE DIAGRAMS INVOLVING FLUIDS
    • P-T DIAGRAMS
    • SYSTEMS WITH THREE COMPONENTS
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER ELEVEN | KINETICS AND CRYSTALLIZATION
    • OVERVIEW
    • EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON KINETIC PROCESSES
    • DIFFUSION
    • NUCLEATION
      • Nucleation in Melts
      • Nucleation in Solids
    • GROWTH
      • Interface-Controlled Growth
      • Diffusion-Controlled Growth
    • SOME APPLICATIONS OF KINETICS
      • Aragonite →← Calcite: Growth as the Rate-Limiting Step
      • Iron Meteorites: Diffusion as the Rate-Limiting Step
      • Bypassing Theory: Controlled Cooling Rate Experiments
      • Bypassing Theory Again: Crystal Size Distributions
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER TWELVE | THE SOLID EARTH AS A GEOCHEMICAL SYSTEM
    • OVERVIEW
    • RESERVOIRS IN THE SOLID EARTH
      • Composition of the Crust
      • Composition of the Mantle
      • Composition of the Core
    • FLUXES IN THE SOLID EARTH
      • Cycling between Crust and Mantle
      • Heat Exchange between Mantle and Core
      • Fluids and the Irreversible Formation of Continental Crust
    • MELTING IN THE MANTLE
      • Thermodynamic Effects of Melting
      • Types of Melting Behavior
      • Causes of Melting
    • DIFFERENTIATION IN MELT-CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
      • Fractional Crystallization
      • Chemical Variation Diagrams
      • Liquid Immiscibility
    • THE BEHAVIOR OF TRACE ELEMENTS
      • Trace Element Fractionation during Melting and Crystallization
      • Compatible and Incompatible Elements
    • VOLATILE ELEMENTS
      • Crust and Mantle Fluid Compositions
      • Mantle and Crust Reservoirs for Fluids
      • Cycling of Fluids between Crust and Mantle
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER THIRTEEN | USING STABLE ISOTOPES
    • OVERVIEW
    • HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
    • WHAT MAKES STABLE ISOTOPES USEFUL?
    • MASS FRACTIONATION AND BOND STRENGTH
    • GEOLOGIC INTERPRETATIONS BASED ON ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION
      • Thermometry
      • Isotopic Evolution of the Oceans
      • Fractionation in the Hydrologic Cycle
      • Fractionation in Geothermal and Hydrothermal Systems
      • Fractionation in Sedimentary Basins
      • Fractionation among Biogenic Compounds
      • Isotopic Fractionation around Marine Oil and Gas Seeps
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER FOURTEEN | USING RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
    • OVERVIEW
    • PRINCIPLES OF RADIOACTIVITY
      • Nuclide Stability
      • Decay Mechanisms
      • Rate of Radioactive Decay
      • Decay Series and Secular Equilibrium
    • GEOCHRONOLOGY
      • Potassium-Argon System
      • Rubidium-Strontium System
      • Samarium-Neodymium System
      • Uranium-Thorium-Lead System
      • Extinct Radionuclides
      • Fission Tracks
    • GEOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS OF INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY
      • Neutron Activation Analysis
      • 40Argon-39Argon Geochronology
      • Cosmic-Ray Exposure
    • RADIONUCLIDES AS TRACERS OF GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES
      • Heterogeneity of the Earth’s Mantle
      • Magmatic Assimilation
      • Subduction of Sediments
      • Isotopic Composition of the Oceans
      • Degassing of the Earth’s Interiorto Form the Atmosphere
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • CHAPTER FIFTEEN | STRETCHING OUR HORIZONS: Cosmochemistry
    • OVERVIEW
    • WHY STUDY COSMOCHEMISTRY?
    • ORIGIN AND ABUNDANCE OF THE ELEMENTS
      • Nucleosynthesis in Stars
      • Cosmic Abundance Patterns
    • CHONDRITES AS SOURCES OF COSMOCHEMICAL DATA
    • COSMOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR OF ELEMENTS
      • Controls on Cosmochemical Behavior
      • Chemical Fractionations Observed in Chondrites
    • CONDENSATION OF THE ELEMENTS
      • How Equilibrium Condensation Works
      • The Condensation Sequence
      • Evidence for Condensation in Chondrites
    • INFUSION OF MATTER FROM OUTSIDE THE SOLAR SYSTEM
      • Isotopic Diversity in Meteorites
      • A Supernova Trigger?
      • The Discovery of Stardust in Chondrites
    • THE MOST VOLATILE MATERIALS: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AND ICES
      • Extraterrestrial Organic Compounds
      • Ices—The Only Thing Left
    • A TIME SCALE FOR CREATION
    • ESTIMATING THE BULK COMPOSITIONS OF PLANETS
      • Some Constraints on Cosmochemical Models
      • The Equilibrium Condensation Model
      • The Heterogeneous Accretion Model
      • The Chondrite Mixing Model
      • Planetary Models: Cores and Mantles
    • SUMMARY
      • Suggested Readings
    • PROBLEMS
  • APPENDICES
    • APPENDIX A: MATHEMATICAL METHODS
    • APPENDIX B: FINDING AND EVALUATING GEOCHEMICAL DATA
    • APPENDIX C: NUMERICAL VALUES OF GEOCHEMICAL INTEREST
  • GLOSSARY
  • INDEX