Published to wide acclaim in 1974, Thomas E. Skidmore's intellectual history of Brazilian racial ideology has become a classic in the field. Available for the first time in paperback, this edition has been updated to include a new preface and bibliography that surveys recent scholarship in the field. Black into White is a broad-ranging study of what the leading Brazilian intellectuals thought and propounded about race relations between 1870 and 1930. In an effort to reconcile social realities with the doctrines of scientific racism, the Brazilian ideal of "whitening"—the theory that the Brazilian population was becoming whiter as race mixing continued—was used to justify the recruiting of European immigrants and to falsely claim that Brazil had harmoniously combined a multiracial society of Europeans, Africans, and indigenous peoples.
- Contents
- Preface to the 1993 edition
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- 1 THE INTELLECTUAL CONTEXT OF ABOLITION IN BRAZIL
- The Brazil of 1865
- The Rise of a Reform Spirit
- Abolitionism
- European Thought and Determinist Dilemmas
- The Agony of a Would-Be Nationalist: Sílvio Romero
- 2 RACIAL REALITIES AND RACIAL THOUGHT AFTER ABOLITION
- Nature and Origins of Brazil’s Multi-racial Society
- Varieties of Racist Theory from Abroad
- Racist Theory in Brazil
- ‘Whitening,” the Brazilian Solution
- Comparisons with the United States
- 3 POLITICS, LITERATURE, AND THE BRAZILIAN SENSE OF NATIONALITY BEFORE 1910
- The Political Realities of the New Republic
- Political Criticisms of the New Republic
- Literature, Intellectuals, and the Question of Nationality
- Reaction to Inadequacy
- Turning Determinism on Its Head: The Brazilian Chauvinists
- Trying To Live with Determinism
- Rejecting the Frame of Reference
- 4 THE NATIONAL IMAGE AND THE SEARCH FOR IMMIGRANTS
- “Selling” Brazil During the Empire
- Promoting the Brazilian Image, 1890–1914
- Immigration Policy, 1887–1914
- 5 THE NEW NATIONALISM
- Events Between 1910 and 1920
- Brazil and the Outbreak of the European War
- National Defense: Nationalism of the Establishment
- Mobilization and the New Nationalism
- Re-evaluation of Race
- Rethinking Brazilian Nationality
- The War’s Stimulus to Brazilian Nationalism
- 6 THE WHITENING IDEAL AFTER SCIENTIFIC RACISM
- 1920’s: Political Crisis and Literary Ferment
- Rescuing the Caboclo
- The African Heritage
- Immigration Policy
- The Whitening Ideal
- Brazilian Reaction to Nazism: A Digression
- Epilogue: Whitening—an Anachronistic Racial Ideal
- Note on Sources and Methodology
- Notes
- Selected Bibliographical Index
- Bibliography to the 1993 Edition
- Index
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