This edition covers the embryology since the preparation of fertilizing cells in spermatogenesis and the menstrual cycle; fertilization and implantation; including the first weeks of development, placenta development, basic principles of neonatal physiology and adaptation; up to the basics of congenital anomalies and prenatal diagnosis.
In the same manner, this text integrates the concepts of molecular induction in human embryology, congenital anomalies and prenatal/postnatal diagnosis. Thus, easing the understanding of complex embryological processes for the medical students in their comprehension of the relation between molecules, embryology processes, organs and systems formation and physiology. Knowledge also valuable for obstetrics/gynecology and pediatrics residents and specialist, that frequently face patients with congenital anomalies found via in utero ultrasound or in extrauterine life, creating the need of analyzing which processes failed and caused the anomalies during fetal development.
This edition of the book Integrated human embryology contains more than 150 improved figures and about 50 new ones. An extra chapter about prenatal diagnosis was also added, this chapter includes updated cell-free fetal DNA concepts regarding the detection of chromosomal abnormalities. Therefore, this edition achieves the integration of different processes of human development, while using illustrative figures that ease embryology and its clinical application.
- Cover
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Content
- Chapter 1: Cellular regulation and signaling, Felipe Ruiz Botero, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Claudia Valencia
- Introduction
- Gene transcription
- Genes
- Transcription factors
- Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors
- Methylation
- Other regulators
- Molecular induction of organ formation
- Cell signaling
- Paracrine signaling factors
- Other paracrine molecules
- Chapter 2: Spermatogenesis, Felipe Ruiz Botero, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil
- Introduction
- Anatomy
- Sertoli cells
- Leydig cells
- Testosterone synthesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Spermiogenesis
- Medical integration
- Spermatozoon
- Accessory glands
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate
- Bulbourethral glands
- Annex
- Chapter 3: Female menstrual cycle, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Claudia Valencia Peña
- Hormonal cycle
- Ovarian cycle
- Folliculogenesis
- Recruitment, selection and dominance
- Follicular rupture
- Oogenesis and ovum
- Corpus luteum
- Endometrial cycle
- Proliferative phase
- Secretory phase
- Menstrual phase
- Integration into obstetrics
- Chapter 4: Fertilization, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Julián Andrés Ramírez Cheyne
- Attraction of the sperm
- Gametes in mammals
- Displacement and capacitation
- Hyperactivation and chemotaxis
- Gametes union and recognition in mammals
- Induction of mammals acrosomal reaction by ZP glycoproteins
- Passage through zona pellucida
- Cell membrane fusion of the ovum and sperm
- Prevention of polyspermy
- Calcium as a initiator of the cortical granules reaction
- Activation of the zygote metabolism
- Early responses
- Late responses
- Fusion of the genetic material in mammals and rearrangement of the cytoplasm of the ovum
- Chapter 5: First and second weeks of human development, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Julián Andrés Ramírez Cheyne Cleavage
- Blatocyst formation
- Integration into obstetrics
- Day 8
- Days 9 and 10
- Days 11 and 12
- Days 13 and 14
- Integration into obstetrics
- Chapter 6: Implantation, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil
- Preparation of the conceptus
- Preparation of the endometrium
- Apposition, adhesion and invasion
- Immunology of implantation
- Hormonal and paracrine regulation of implantation
- Integration to obstetrics
- Insufficiency of the corpus luteum
- Chapter 7: Third week of human development, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Laura Camila Molina Barrera, Carolina Isaza de Lourido
- Notochord formation
- Establishment of the axis of the body
- Cell migration during gastrulation
- Embryonic disc development
- Chorionic villi formation
- Chapter 8: Fourth week of development, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Laura Camila Molina Barrera, Carolina Isaza de Lourido
- Embryonic folding
- Sagittal plane folding: Cephalic and caudal folds
- Cephalic folding
- Caudal folding
- Transverse folding
- Neurulation
- Integration to neural tube defects, skull and spine
- Molecular regulation of the neural induction integration
- Neural crest formation
- Neurocristophaties
- Mesoderm germ layer derivates
- Paraxial mesoderm: somites
- Molecular regulation of the somites formation integration
- Somite differentiation
- Molecular regulation of somite differentiation integration
- Intermediate mesoderm: urogenital system
- Lateral plate mesoderm: somatic and splanchnic
- The heart starts beating
- Integration with the molecular induction of blood vessels
- Pharyngeal arches
- Development of the endomermic germ layer
- Integration with the molecular induction of the endoderm
- Congenital defects of the endodermic derivates integration
- Aspect of the embryo on the fourth week
- Chapter 9: Fifth to the eighth week of development, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Julián Andrés Ramírez Cheyne, Claudia Valencia Peña
- Fifth week of development
- Sixth week of development
- Seventh week of development
- Eight week of development
- Ultrasound scopes in the embryonic period until the last day of the eight week by conception date
- Chapter 10: Fetal and neonatal physiology, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Carolina Isaza de Lourido, Julián Andres Ramirez Cheyne
- Biology of fetal growth
- Fetal growth is determined by primary genetic and epigenetic factors
- Placental growth occurs in periods of fast fetal growth
- Insulin, insulin like growth factors and thyroxine stimulate fetal growth
- Insulin like growth factors
- Epidermal growth factor (EGF)
- Thyroid hormones
- Peptide hormones
- Growth restriction
- Development and maturation of the respiratory system
- Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome
- Fetal respiratory movements
- Fetal circulation
- Placenta
- Ductus venosus
- Foramen ovale
- Ductus arteriosus
- Fetal asphyxia
- Respiratory adaptations at birth
- Elimination of the placental circulation
- Neonatal physiology
- The newborn mobilizes glucose and fatty acids shortly after birth
- Chapter 11: Placenta and fetal membranes, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil, Julián Andres Ramirez Cheyne
- Placenta
- Obstetrics correlation
- Placental Structure
- Full term placenta
- Placental circulation
- Fetal placental circulation
- Maternal placental circulation
- Placental membrane
- Roles of the placenta
- Umbilical cord
- Amnion
- Amniotic fluid
- Yolk sac
- Multiple pregnancy
- Twins and fetal membranes
- Monozygotic twins
- Dizygotic twins
- Integration into obstetrics
- Chapter 12: Congenital anomalies, Julián Andres Ramirez Cheyne, Carolina Isaza, Wilmar Saldarriaga Gil
- Classification of congenital anomalies
- Chapter 13: Prenatal diagnosis and considerations on the newborn and pediatric patient with congenital anomalies, Julián Ramírez Cheyne, Carolina Isaza, Wilmar Saldarriaga
- Prenatal diagnosis
- Pregnancy classification according to the risk of congenital anomalies
- Screening for congenital anomalies and chromosome abnormalities
- High risk patients
- Invasive procedures
- Newborn and pediatric patient with congenital anomalies: A clinical approach
- Anamnesis
- Physical examination
- Interpretation of findings
- Glossary
- Index
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