How and why have Americans living at particular times and places used and transformed their environment? How have political systems dealt with conflicts over resources and conservation? This is the only major reference work to explore all the major themes and debates of the burgeoning field of environmental history. Humanity´s relationship with the natural world is one of the oldest and newest topics in human history. The issue emerged as a distinct field of scholarship in the early 1970s and has been growing steadily ever since. The discipline´s territory and sources are rich and varied and include climactic and geological data, court records, archaeological digs, and the writings of naturalists, as well as federal and state economic and resource development and conservation policy. Environmental historians investigate how and why natural and human-created surroundings affect a society´s development. Merchant provides a context-setting overview of American environmental history from the beginning of the millennium; an encyclopedia of important concepts, people, agencies, and laws; a chronology of major events; and an extensive bibliography including films, videos, CD-Roms, and websites. This concise "first stop" reference for students and general readers contains an accessible overview of environmental history; a mini-encyclopedia of ideas, people, legislation, and agencies; a chronology of events and their significance; and a bibliography of books, magazines, and journals as well as films, videos, CD-ROMs, and online resources. In addition to providing a wealth of factual information, The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History explores contentious issues in this much-debated field, from the idea of wilderness to global warming.
How and why have Americans living at particular times and places used and transformed their environment? How have political systems dealt with conflicts over resources and conservation? This is the only major reference work to explore all the major themes and debates in the burgeoning field of environmental history. Humanity's relationship with the natural world is one of the oldest and newest topics in human history. The issue emerged as a distinct field of scholarship in the early 1970s and has been growing steadily ever since. The discipline's territory and sources are rich and varied and include climatic and geological data, court records, archaeological digs, and the writings of naturalists, as well as federal and state economic and resource development and conservation policy. Environmental historians investigate how and why natural and human-created surroundings affect a society's development. Merchant provides a context-setting overview of American environmental history from the precolonial land-use practice of Native Americans and concluding with twenty-first concerns over global warming. The book also includes a glossary of important concepts, people, agencies, and legislation; a chronology of major events; and an extensive bibliography including films, videos, CD-ROMs, and websites.
This concise reference for students and general readers contains an accessible overview of American environmental history; a mini-encyclopedia of ideas, people, legislation, and agencies; a chronology of events and their significance; and a bibliography of books, magazines, and journals as well as films, videos, CD-ROMs, and online resources.
In addition to providing a wealth of factual information, The Columbia Guide to American Environmental History explores contentious issues in this much-debated field, from the idea of wilderness to global warming.
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I HISTORICAL OVERVIEW: TOPICS AND THEMES
- 1. The American Environment and Native-European Encounters, 1000-1875
- The Physical Environment and Natural Resources
- Native Americans and the Land
- Pueblo Indians and the Southwest
- The Pueblo Indians and Spanish Settlement of the Southwest
- Micmac Indians and French Settlement in the Northeast
- Plains Indians and the Westward Movement
- The European Transformation of the Plains
- The Ecological Indian
- Conclusion
- 2. The New England Wilderness Transformed, 1600-1850
- The New England Forest and Indian Land Use
- The Settlement of New England
- Colonial Land Use
- Marketing the Forest
- The Forest Economy
- Mind, Labor, and Nature
- The Idea of Wilderness
- Conclusion
- 3. The Tobacco and Cotton South, 1600-1900
- The Chesapeake Environment and Indian-European Relations
- Tobacco Cultivation
- Slavery and Southern Agriculture
- Soil Exhaustion in the Tobacco South
- The Cotton South
- Environment and Society in the Cotton South
- Cotton Production
- Post–Civil War Sharecropping
- The Impact of the Boll Weevil
- Conclusion
- 4. Nature and the Market Economy, 1750-1850
- The Inland Economy and the Environment
- Land Use in the Inland Economy
- The Inland Economy and the Worldview of Its People
- Market Farming
- The Transportation and Market Revolutions
- Nature and Ambivalence About the Market Economy
- The Hudson River School of Painters
- Artists and the Vanishing Indian
- Conclusion
- 5. Western Frontiers: The Settlement of California and the Great Plaines, 1820-1930
- Westward Expansion and the Settlement of California
- California Native Peoples and the Advent of Europeans
- The Multicultural Character of the Gold Rush
- Types of Gold Mining
- Environmental Effects of Hydraulic Mining
- Environmental Change in the Sierras
- European Settlement of the Great Plains
- The Rancher’s Frontier
- The Farmer’s Frontier
- Narratives of Blacks and Women
- The Dust Bowl of the 1930s
- Conclusion
- 6. Urban Environments, 1850-1960
- Urbanization, Industry, and Energy
- Industrial Cities and Labor
- The City as Wilderness
- Air Pollution
- Garbage
- Noise Pollution
- Water Pollution
- The Sanitary City
- From City to Suburb
- Minorities and Pollution
- Conclusion
- 7. Conservation and Preservation, 1785-1950
- Colonial Land Policy
- Federal Land Policy
- Land Law in the Arid West
- Lands for Railroads and Education
- The Conservation Movement
- Reclamation and Water Law
- The Preservation Movement
- Creation of the National Parks
- Conclusion
- 8. Indian Land Policy, 1800-1990
- Indian Land Treaties
- Indian Removal
- The Dawes Act
- Indians and the Creation of the National Parks
- The Winters Decision
- The Indian New Deal and Civil Rights
- Indian Lands and Environmental Regulation
- Conclusion
- 9. The Rise of Ecology, 1890-1990
- Ernst Haeckel and the Origins of Ecology
- Human Ecology
- The Organismic Approach to Ecology
- The Economic Approach to Ecology
- The Influence of Chaos Theory
- Conclusion
- 10. The Era of Environmentalism, 1940-2000
- From Conservation to Environmentalism
- New Deal Conservation
- Population and the Environment
- Environmental Regulation
- Reactions to Environmental Regulation
- Environmental Organizations
- The Antitoxics Movement
- The Transformation of Consciousness
- Conclusion
- Part II AMERICAN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY A TO Z: AGENCIES, CONCEPTS, LAWS AND PEOPLE
- Part III CHRONOLOGY: AN ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY TIMELINE
- Part IV RESOURCE GUIDE
- Visual Resources: Films and Videos
- Electronic Resources
- Bibliographical Essay
- Bibliography
- Index